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Ethnic Clashes in China: Uighurs vs. Han Chinese
Government to Seek Death Penalty for Perpetrators of Violence
  
Uighur women grieve for their men who they claim were taken away by Chinese authorities after Sunday's protest in Urumqi, China, Tuesday, July 7 , 2009. Urumqi was tense Tuesday, with protests happening in several parts of the city and both Han Chinese and Uighur groups facing off with armed police. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan) (Ng Han Guan - AP)

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Sean Roberts
Director, International Development Studies Program and Cultural Anthropologist, George Washington University
Wednesday, July 8, 2009; 1:00 PM

The Chinese government blanketed Urumqi, the capital of China's far western Xinjiang region, with 20,000 new security troops on Wednesday, as thousands of residents began to flee following the deadly ethnic clashes that erupted over the weekend.

This Story
Security Troops Blanket Chinese City
The Mother of the Uighur Movement
In Wake of Turmoil In China, Minorities Face Painful Options
: Ethnic Clashes in China: Uighurs vs. Han Chinese
A Guide to China's Ethnic Groups
Uighur Protesters March in Washington
Ethnic Clashes in China Lead to Riots
Uighur Protesters March in Washington
View All Items in This Story
View Only Top Items in This Story
The unrest has become a major challenge for this country's Communist leaders. In a sign of their growing concern about the situation, President Hu Jintao canceled plans to attend the Group of Eight summit in Italy and rushed home early Wednesday.

Sean Roberts, director of the International Development Studies Program at George Washington University, who has been studying the Uighurs for about 20 years and who has authored numerous articles about the Uighur communities of Kazakhstan and China, was online Wednesday, July 8, at 1 p.m. ET to talk about the conflict.

In an e-mail interview with washingtonpost.com, Roberts said, "The current unrest in Xinjiang is another chapter in a long history of tensions between Han Chinese and Uighurs, but it is mostly the result of the frustrations experienced by Uighurs over the last decade as the rapid pace of Chinese development in the region has brought scores of Han Chinese migrants to Xinjiang and has displaced Uyghurs from their traditional livelihoods and communities. While the violence that has emerged on both sides of the conflict is shocking, the most surprising aspect of the events may be that the tensions had not boiled over into direct confrontations until now."

____________________

Sean Roberts: Hello, my name is Sean Roberts, and I have been studying Uyghurs for about 20 years.

While many people are shocked at the violence transpiring in Xinjiang presently, I may be more surprised that the tension between Han Chinese and Uyghurs has not boiled over into such mass violence until now.

In general, I see this violence as an outgrowth of processes which have been ongoing in Xinjiang for the last decade. During that time, China has invested more in the development of this region than anytime previously. In doing so, however, they have largely excluded the Uyghurs from the decision-making process. Furthermore, this development has brought many Han Chinese to the region seeking their fortunes, which has served to displace many Uyghurs from their traditional communities and livelihoods.

Finally, political repression that became more pronounced during the later 1990s in Xinjiang intensified following September 11, 2001. With the advent of the Global War on Terror, the Chinese state has increasingly justified more brutal crackdowns on Uyghur political dissent as part of its contribution to the Global War on Terror. At the same time, Han Chinese coming to the region to seek their fortunes in China's continued development boom do not understand the Uyghurs' dissatisfaction or the violent response this dissatisfaction has elicited.

____________________

Chestnut Hill, Mass.: How long has the rivalry between Uighurs and Han Chinese existed for and why did it start?

Sean Roberts: The tension between Han Chinese and Uyghurs has a long history reaching back at least 250 years. While Xinjiang's history remains contentious, I generally subscribe to the interpretation that the Qing dynasty first colonized Xinjiang in the 1750s. This resulted in a substantial resistance movement that continued to fight against Qing rule for decades. In the late 19th century, a revolt pushed the Qing out of the region for several years, and in the 1930s and 1940s Uyghur attempts to establish sovereign states in the region resulted in short-term independent states in areas of Xinjiang. In this sense, what is happening today has a very long history.

_______________________

Uighur passerby: What are the characteristics of a Uighur that make them so identifiable to the Han Chinese?

Sean Roberts: The Uyghurs are a Turkic speaking Muslim people who share more culturally and historically with people to the west of Xinjiang, particularly in former Soviet Central Asia, than they do with the Han Chinese. Physically, Uyghurs do not look like Han Chinese. Their physical types are much more diverse given that Central Asia has long been a crossroads of civilizations, and they have many European physical characteristics that would likely distinguish them from the Han.

_______________________

Brooklyn, N.Y.: Why is the unrest in Xinjiang being portrayed as "rioting" by "angry Uighurs" in U.S. media? When a people are as oppressed as Uighurs in China are, I would think the word to use would be "protesting." Furthermore, there is no confirmation that the violence is predominantly one-sided by Uighur protesters, and not reciprocated or exacerbated or even initiated by Han vigilante groups.

Today's Times article about the violence (which has commenting disabled) states in one paragraph that "angry Uighurs attacked Han civilians," while in the very next sentence admitting, "Government officials declined Tuesday to give an ethnic breakdown of the dead." Earlier in the article, they quoted a horribly unreliable source: "one Han family member who reviewed photos of the dead, seeking to identify a relative, said in an interview that the great majority of the photographs were of Han victims."

Why is the U.S. media siding with the oppressive Chinese government and portraying this struggle for freedom and basic human rights in China as mob violence? What is the U.S. really going to gain by refusing to take a hard stance on these violations and not making good on its word to be a leader in this world?

washingtonpost.com: China Official Threatens Death Penalty After Riots (The New York Times, July 8)

Sean Roberts: Well, the problem is likely that we still do not have enough information to know exactly what happened. I, for example, also have a question from somebody asking the opposite - why is the U.S. media so sympathetic to the Uyghurs? I think part of the problem is that the Uyghurs have no ability to organize politically inside Xinjiang - thus, this was likely a spontaneous protest that spiraled out of control. My guess is that the Chinese security forces responded to the protest with force, as they have in the past. As a result, the Uyghur protesters then became violent and allegedly did attack Han bystanders. Essentially, however, I agree that it is not accurate to excuse the Chinese state for its role in creating this violence. Not only did their response to the protest probably trigger the violence, but the policies of the PRC towards Uyghurs for the last 20 years and more has created the frustration that pushed the protesters to become violent. Let us remember that even the Tibetan protests last summer turned violent despite the fact that Tibetans are so often viewed as peaceful and non-violent.

_______________________

Washington, D.C.: Seems like the same thing that is happening in Tibet. However, the violence appears to be between the Tibetans and the military, not necessarily the civilian Han Chinese, is this correct?

Sean Roberts: If I remember correctly, last summer in Tibet, Han bystanders were also attacked as well as Chinese owned stores. So, I think there is little difference. The major difference I do see here, however, is that Han Chinese mobs have joined in the violence as well, which did not happen in Tibet.

_______________________

Brooklyn, N.Y.: Dr. Roberts,

For those of us who are angry and hurt by the crackdown on Uighur religious, civil, and property rights in Xinjiang, and by the state violence against Uighurs that will surely follow these demonstrations, how would you recommend that we do something to make a difference? What organizations have you seen that do outstanding work on this issue and who in the US government would you say to call to share our understanding of the problem? There is no reason that the situation of Uighurs in Xinjiang cannot attain the same level of international awareness of the Tibetans, the Iranian protesters, or the Tiananmen Square marchers, we just need to make it so. But how do we start?

Many thanks.

Sean Roberts: You are quite correct in pointing out that the Uyghurs have fair

Sean Roberts: The Uyghurs do have less of a presence politically on the international stage. That being said, the Uyghur World Congress, which the Chinese are blaming for organizing the disturbances in Xinjiang (I believe unjustifiably), has become more active in recent years under the leadership of Rabiya Kadeer. In the US, the Uyghur American Association also advocates for Uyghur rights in China, and a related organization called the Uyghur Human Rights Project reports on human rights abuses from a non-partisan position. In Congress, Representative Delahunt of MA has recently raised questions about the Uyghurs' problems in China in the context of hearings about the Uyghurs who had been held in Guantanamo Bay. There are also many Uyghur groups now on social networking sites, such as Facebook. Until somebody with a substantial international profile takes up the cause, however, it will likely still not receive the attention that the Tibetans receive.

_______________________

Fairfax, Va.: It seems that Ms Kadeer advocate Uighurs "self-determination" in an very large and ethnically mixed area along with demanding more religious and cultural freedom. Of course there is the question of question of who are there first. What should the position of U.S. government on this issue given that her operation is largely funded by Endowment for democracy? Also what are your thoughts on her complaints about the Chinese immigration has taken Uighurs jobs and diluted her culture? Is it justified to complain about these issue in today's global environment?

Sean Roberts: You pose some very interesting questions. There is always the question of the onward march of modernization and the unfortunate casualties of that process. As an anthropologist, I do not believe that any state should have the right to trample over indigenous cultures for the good of modernization. Rather, I believe that sustainable forms of development can be achieved that respect the rights of indigenous groups. The situation of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang could be compared, for example, to that of the native Americans in America's west in the 19th century. Just because that happened at the hands of the United States, however, does not make it right or an excuse for similar processes to take place elsewhere. With regards to the issue of self-determination, it is interesting to note that most self-determination movements in Xinjiang have explicitly chose not to advocate Uyghur sovereignty. Rather, they use the term Eastern Turkestan to refer to Xinjiang in an attempt to advocate for a multi-ethnic Turkic autonomy.

_______________________

San Francisco, Calif.: I find it disturbing that the media has been portraying the Chinese security forces as high handed and arbitrary. From what I have read, the Uighurs rioted and killed people. Some Hans retaliated and killed people. Around 80 percent of the casualties have been Han, so around 80 percent of the arrests have been Uighur. How is this high handed/arbitrary? Regardless of what is the ultimate cause, what is the media's expectation of the results? Are security forces not allowed to calm the city down and arrest murderers?

Sean Roberts: Please refer to one of the questions above where I answered somebody accusing the US media of not being sympathetic enough with the Uyghurs. I do question whether the Chinese security forces had a proper response during the initial protests. Reports do suggest that they have been more responsible in making sure that the violence does not escalate into an ongoing bloody riot between Hans and Uyghurs. But, the truth is that we do not have enough information to understand the whole picture. Also, these specific incidents of street violence cannot be viewed in isolation with disregard for the policies of the Chinese state in Xinjiang over the last twenty years.

_______________________

Washington, D.C.: How should the international community respond to this particular event and what kind of message should the U.S. government send to the Chinese government as well as Uighurs in Xinjiang?

Sean Roberts: The lack of clarity in what has been transpiring makes it difficult for the US or the international community to comment. That being said, I think there should be urges for calm accompanied by calls on the Chinese government to allow freedom of expression in Xinjiang and to address the underlying socio-economic and political issues that have caused so much frustration among Uyghurs in the region. It would be useful, for example, to encourage a dialogue between Uyghur diaspora groups and the Chinese government like that has been forged between the Dali Lama and China. That being said, it seems that little has been accomplished along these lines for the Tibetans either. In the end, many of the issues that are at the heart of the problems in Xinjiang and Tibet relate to China's refusal to adopt a more democratic system of governance that would allow for legal and peaceful means for disenfranchised people to voice their desires.

_______________________

Washington, D.C.: Is there any chance that these recent tensions, combined with recent greater market freedoms in Chinese cities, will result in an actual challenge to the Chinese Communist Party? Will the emerging Chinese middle class look upon these events and demand more political freedoms? Or will the Uighurs simply be suppressed and the entire conflict will lead to nothing? I am reminded of the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, which many international observers predicted would result in a real challenge to the Communist Party, which of course did not actually prove to be the case. But the situation is very different today, since there is a much stronger, more globalized middle class in the cities with greater access to international media, and political reforms usually come from the educated middle classes, not from angry peasants.

Sean Roberts: This is a very interesting question indeed. To date, Chinese democracy advocates have not tended to forge direct solidarity with ethnic minority groups like the Uyghurs and Tibetans. That being said, I do believe that a new generation of Han Chinese who are increasingly exposed to the international arena may begin to understand why they need to empower minorities inside China to have more political and cultural autonomy. These tendencies, however, are also counterbalanced by a growing Han Chinese nationalism in the country as we saw last year when Han students studying in the US reacted so negatively to Tibetan protests during the Olympics. Unfortunately, I think these problems will not be resolved soon, but I also think that - until they are - they will continue to create substantial problems for the Chinese state and the CCP.

_______________________

Anonymous: What sect of Islam are the Uighurs, generally? Do the Muslim fanatics in the middle east spend any time or energy on the Uighurs' cause?

Sean Roberts: Uyghurs are mostly Sunni Muslims, but they are also many Sufi sects in Xinjiang. Generally, the Chinese government has been quite diligent in preventing middle eastern countries from fostering fundamentalism, and particularly political Islam, among the Uyghurs. China has established close ties with Pakistan and continually addresses this issue with the Pakistani leadership. Likewise, China has established critical economic relations with the Arab states, especially through oil deals, which helps to discourage any Arab support for Uyghur separatism.

_______________________

Farifax, Va.: Dr. Roberts, Why most of the media interview only Han Chinese residents, while there is no single Uighur resident being interviewed or expressing his/her opinion via media? Thank you.

Sean Roberts: I believe this is largely because Uyghurs fear being interviewed, especially for broadcast media. Uyghurs in Xinjiang who speak with journalists or scholars are often subjected to interrogation by local authorities.

_______________________

Vienna, Va.: Dear Sean:

The Soviet Union saw an influx of ethnic Uighur refugees during China's cultural revolution. If violence is to continue, is there the possibility of Uighurs fleeing to neighboring Kyrgyzstan or Kazakhstan? What about the involvement of the Uighur diaspora in those countries? Are they at all able to influence the situation in Xinjiang?

Eric

Sean Roberts: In the early 1990s, the Central Asian states showed more sympathy to the Uyghurs in China than they do now. As a result of a series of agreements with China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and other Central Asian states have increasingly discouraged Uyghurs from taking part in political activities on their territory. In recent years, for example, these countries have extradited Uyghurs who have fled China at the request of the Chinese state. Uzbekistan even extradited a Uyghur Canadian citizen who was visiting relatives in Uzbekistan. Thus, it is difficult to say what would happen if the violence really spiraled that out of control. In the 1960s, however, there is evidence that the Chinese willfully allowed Uyghurs to flee to the Soviet Union. Perhaps the Chinese state would not be opposed to many Uyghurs fleeing now.

_______________________

Baltimore, Md.: Do you think that the violence and protests are confined to Urumqi or are there protests occurring all over Xinjiang?

Sean Roberts: It is difficult to say. There have been reports of various disturbances outside Urumqi, but it does not appear to me that there are any international correspondents in these different cities. Thus, there is not much reliable information about the scope of the unrest around the region.

_______________________

Editor's Note: washingtonpost.com moderators retain editorial control over Discussions and choose the most relevant questions for guests and hosts; guests and hosts can decline to answer questions. washingtonpost.com is not responsible for any content posted by third parties.

最后发表： rosanna
回复内容：
不好意思啊,每次我想评分的时候，就出现这句话"您未输入分值或超过每次评分范围限制。"

最后发表： 得分后卫
回复内容：
觉得先听一段，再看段字幕看那些听不懂的地方，感觉不全是听力的问题，更多的是常用口语/俚语不知道，所以听不出来。

最后发表： mourner
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今天想写点自7月5日以来我内心的感受--悲痛!悲哀!(文章已经被删除过,应该很快又要被删除了.昨天,维族人已经在澳洲"恶人先告状",扮无辜的在街上游行了,博外国人的同情!也在昨天,中国ZF已经放了很多参与打砸抢的维族学生,说给他们机会,谁又能给被这些畜生杀害的汉族同胞重生的机会!中国对待维族的软弱政策也另人发指!)
就在7月5日20点,新疆美丽的首府乌鲁木齐市遭受了东突恐怖袭击!官方现在说死150多人,伤1000多人,但并未说明是汉族,维族还是其他民族的同胞!在这里,我不是想煽动民族情绪,我想把事实说出来而已!因为最近我听见身边有人为此在骂中国政府,有人因为同情维族人说中国没有人权,屠杀维族人(这些都是黑白颠倒的).这些话都让我感到悲哀! 经过这次几乎发生在我身边的噩梦,我彻彻底底明白了一个道理:不能打着所谓人权的旗号,妄加评论任何事情!
我的很多朋友都生活在乌鲁木齐,他们是最有发言权的!从7月6号,我就在和我的乌鲁木齐朋友们通过手机联络(其他通讯设施都不能用),他们都逃过此劫,但还在惊恐中,上班都随身带着"武器"以防万一.可是不是所有的汉族同胞都这么幸运的,我的一个也在澳洲的朋友(新疆人),他朋友的手筋被维族恐怖分子挑断,亲哥哥失踪到现在,估计已经遇害了! 我想很肯定的告诉大家,在医院的伤者,在停尸间等家属认领的死难者,他们决大多数是非维族人的!西方媒体早在7月6号就进入乌鲁木齐采访了,另人气愤的是,有很多西方媒体还在黑白颠倒的向着恐怖分子说话,甚至夸张的说死伤都是维族人,他们是在广场和平游行被警察打死打伤的,说法另人发指,他们和杀人凶手的帮凶有什么区别!大家想想去年在西藏的暴乱吧,那个时候我们就已经看清西方媒体的嘴脸了!请永远都不要对他们抱以厚望!我们都会对中国ZF有不满,但在这个时候,请不要再被西方媒体洗脑了,我们要的是和平和谐的社会!不要被那些看热闹,惟恐中国不乱的家伙所利用!我们这个受苦受难的国家走到今天不容易! 试想如果你的家人现在在乌鲁木齐经历了这场屠杀,你还会叉着腰骂都是中国政府的错,为那些杀人犯抱不平,去可怜暴徒吗?这是所有中国的敌对势力想达到的效果!还在自以为尊重人权和不明白事理的无知者!你们开开窍吧!你也是中国爹妈生的!中国人不能再一团散沙被反华势力左右摆布了!
听听国内大多数民众的心声吧!特别是新疆受到伤害的同胞的心声吧!不要被恶毒的人蒙蔽了!那些对CHINESE G不满的还是中国人的同胞,请你们先放下这些不满,就事论事!为死难的汉族同胞哀悼!
最后我只想说一句话:不能因为维族恐怖分子的历史遗留问题作为借口,来说他们的暴行是对的,值得同情的..他们中落网的一部分会得到中国法律公平严格的制裁!只可惜不是全部暴徒! 为他们申讨所谓公平的人只有两种,一种是他们的帮凶!一种是不明事理的无知者!
大家可以不相信不去看国内官方的新闻,以下是一些国内朋友BBS上文章和网友评论的网址,读读他们的心吧!
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4 ... =rela_articletagpub
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4 ... =rela_articletagpub(杀汉族同胞的魔鬼!)PS:文章已经被删除过,应该很快又要被删除了.昨天,维族人已经在澳洲"恶人先告状",扮无辜的在街上游行了,博外国人的同情!也在昨天,中国ZF已经放了很多参与打砸抢的维族学生,说给他们机会,谁又能给被这些畜生杀害的汉族同胞重生的机会!中国对待维族的软弱政策也另人发指!

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最后发表： nizi
回复内容：
it is a bloody joke

最后发表： hiwithu
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《花花公子》十大派对大学出炉


Playboy magazine on Friday named the University of Miami as the top party school in the United States based on five criteria that included a nod to brainpower.



Playboy magazine on Friday named the University of Miami as the top party school in the United States based on five criteria that included a nod to brainpower.

The adult magazine, which has only occasionally published the party college list in the past but will now turn it into an annual feature, ranked the schools on campus life, sports, sex and academics, or "brains," as Playboy put it.

As a last criteria, Playboy included "bikini" which combined weather, guy-to-girl ratio and cheerleaders.

But absent from the credentials were college bars and parties that exist on the fringe of campus life.

"In order to make the list, you had to be a school where fun happens, so we threw that out and went to other criteria," said Playboy Assistant Editor Rocky Rakovic.

Rakovic also said it was hard to quantify just exactly what made a good bar scene from campus to campus, because each location had its specific attributes.

"You can't say keg party at Arizona State is much better than bar crawl at (University of) Wisconsin," he explained.

On the subject of brainpower, Rakovic said that criteria was important because, after all, "you are in college for a reason, to get an education."

Judging the intelligence of U.S. university students turned into a rather scientific equation, too, using things like grade point averages, freshman retention and Princeton academic reviews, then giving them a numerical weight and averaging results.

The one surprise, Rakovic said, could be the No. 6 school University of Wisconsin because the "bikini" ranking favored schools with warm weather climates.

Playboy began ranking party colleges 20 years ago. The full list is in the magazine's May issue and on the Internet at www.playboy.com/partyschools09.

The top 10 party schools are below in order of rank:

1) University of Miami

2) University of Texas (Austin)

3) San Diego State University

4) University of Florida

5) University of Arizona

6) University of Wisconsin (Madison)

7) University of Georgia

8) Louisiana State University

9) University of Iowa

10) West Virginia University

最后发表： stellahie
回复内容：
大家都那么好学。我不认真一点也不行了。

在英联邦国家（Commonwealth countries），同级别的官员通常是高级专员（High Commissioner），但他代表政府（government）而不是国家元首【可能因为它们的国家元首都是英国国王或女王】。

Link：http://blog.163.com/rhineale@126 ... 472009014112627228/

最后发表： 8戒
回复内容：
Teen tries to ignite chemicals at police station
Paul Bibby
July 6, 2009 - 10:09PM

A 14-year-old boy attempted to ignite a concoction of chemicals at a police station on the NSW north coast this afternoon, police say.

The teenager allegedly walked into Port Macquarie Police Station at about 1.20pm and attempted to light a bottle containing a mixture of chemicals.

Officers immediately arrested the boy, set up an exclusion zone around the station, and called in NSW police's hazardous chemicals team. No police personnel were injured and the area was declared safe at about 3pm.

The type of chemicals involved in the incident is not yet known, but the teenager has been charged with possessing a dangerous thing with intent to injure, and intimidating police.

The 14-year-old was denied bail and is currently undergoing a medical assessment.

He will appear in Port Macquarie Children's Court tomorrow morning.

最后发表： naughtybaby
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good

最后发表： njwdj
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the most spectacular viewing platform on canyons are follows

最后发表： w8802
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同问，关注！

最后发表： 超级快马
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我想在中国买一台快译通，请问哪一个牌子和型号比较经济，实用？请指教.

最后发表： shenzy
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最后发表： shenzy
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正解

最后发表： shenzy
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最后发表： shenzy
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最后发表： ssisi
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谢谢大家！

最后发表： xblues
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你这是怎么说的话呢？好像这个是什么不良倾向，或者见不得人一样，说出来听听，否则我不知道你有多龌龊。

最后发表： 熊猫阿三
回复内容：
恩，英国那边听录音给分

最后发表： axyl
回复内容：
俺在家教孩子们中文都是讲故事，那个女士的什么程度阿，周末有空，义务辅导，当然，前提是能胜任，不胜任就没有办法了

最后发表： njwdj
回复内容：
http://www.marketingcharts.com/d ... -lines-may-2009jpg/

最后发表： catfelix
回复内容：
我们也报了LLNP,等待面试中 。。。

最后发表： beckyzhou
回复内容：

我用这两种：
Hygiene Laundry Rinse （http://www.canesten.com.au/productrangefr.html）


         
Dettol Antiseptic Disinfectant

最后发表： JENNY.P
回复内容：

最后发表： 三岔路口的猪
回复内容：
但同志中的爱情，似乎日久生情的不多，至少在国内我感觉是这个样子的。

最后发表： yearshappy
回复内容：
Learn and learn, study and study

最后发表： nizi
回复内容：
麻烦大了！

最后发表： haian
回复内容：
bu cuo  支持下

最后发表： stellahie
回复内容：
这个网站解释的不错：http://www.ichacha.net/search.aspx?q=syndicate


英-英解释
a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities
同义词：crime syndicate, mob, family,

an association of companies for some definite purpose
同义词：consortium, pool,

a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication

join together into a syndicate; "The banks syndicated"

organize into or form a syndicate

sell articles, television programs, or photos to several publications or independent broadcasting stations

例句与用法
1. lloyd s syndicates already have a presence in hong kong.
劳合社亦已在香港营业

2. use the atom format for syndicating news and more
使用Atom格式连锁新闻及其他内

3. the syndicate is tightly structured with a succession plan
组织严密，继承有

4. hk 17.35 billion five-year syndicated term loan facility
五年期定期银团贷

5. ifc consortium signs largest syndicated loan
国际金融中心获最高金额银团贷

6. loco-london silver fraud syndicate members jailed
伦敦银骗案集团成员被判

7. the group encouraged syndicated tender for this project.
该集团鼓励此项目的联合投标。

8. banks will try to syndicate it again soon.
银行很快就会再次进行融资尝试

9. suspected syndicated corruption in macao marine police
澳门水警集体贪污

看来用法还挺多的。我也学了一些新知识。

最后发表： stellahie
回复内容：
Non-contravention应该是“不违反”的意思。

举2个例子:-

NON-CONTRAVENTION. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will not (a) violate in any material respect any federal, state or local law, statute, ordinance, rule or regulation which is or may be ...

Non-contravention of applicable laws - including other statutes and court orders.

最后发表： mite
回复内容：
没有学英语的窍门 ==== > CHANGE A SCHOOL IF U CAN

最后发表： nicholasclapton
回复内容：
呵呵，多谢分享。希望更多人可以来说说。

最后发表： sunnyhe09
回复内容：
does anyone know a good tutoring class for my son in year5?

最后发表： gdzack
回复内容：
天啊，保佑我口语过7吧。

最后发表： micool
回复内容：

这句话听起来不顺,但确是对的. what does this sentence mean. 陈述句:it(this sentence) means ...
或者可以说: what's the meaning of this sentence? The meaning of this sentence is

最后发表： WOWO
回复内容：



哈哈，原来来自这个WOW

最后发表： ritz
回复内容：
http://www.britishcouncil.org/le ... asts-elementary.htm
这个系列podcast很不错的，虽然是英国口音，跟澳洲的应该比较接近了

最后发表： micool
回复内容：
president
governor
senator
mayor
mp
...
porter
beggar

最后发表： micool
回复内容：
the most up-to-date

最后发表： 青山
回复内容：
I don't believe God. However, I believe the belief of God improved the equality of all people in some stage of history.