UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing)
a Study this example situation:
Ann is I her car. She is on her way to work.
She is driving to work.
This mean: She is driving now, at the time of speaking.
This is the present continuous tense:
I am (= I’m)
he/she (it) is (= he’s, etc.) driving
we/they/you are (= we’re, etc.)
a. We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of speaking:
Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying. (not I study)
“Where is Peggy?” “She’s taking a bath.” (not she takes)
Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more.
(at a party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not do you enjoy)
b. We also use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Study this example situation:
Tom and Ann are talking and having coffee in a cafe. Tom says: “I’m reading an interesting book at the moment. I’ll lend it to you when I’ve finished it.”
Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and hasn’t finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading. Here are some more examples:
Maria is studying English at a language school. (not studies)
Have you heard about Brian? He is building his own house. (not builds)
But perhaps Maria and Brian are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking.
c. We of the use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For example: today, this week, this season, etc.:
“You’re working hard today.” “Yes, I have a lot to do.”
Tom isn’t playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.
d. We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations:
The population of the world is rising very fast. (not rises)
Is your English getting better? (not does … get)
Unit1 Exercises
1.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: Please don’t make so much noise. I am studying (study).
Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining (not/rain) anymore.
Listen to those people. What language are they speaking (they/speak)?
1. Please be quiet. I ________________ (try) to concentrate.
2. Look! It _________________ (snow).
3. Why ________________ (you/look) at me like that? Did I say something wrong?
4. You ________________ (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a little bit quieter?
5. Excuse me, I _______________ (look) for a phone booth. Is there one near here?
6. (at the movies) It’s a good movie, isn’t it? _______________ (you/enjoy) it?
7. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They ________________ (yell) at each other again.
8. Why _______________ (you/wear) your coat today? It’s very warm.
9. I ______________ (not/work) this week. I’m on vacation.
10. I want to lose weight. I ______________ (not/eat) anything today.
1.2 Complete these sentence using one of these verbs:
get become change rise improve fall increase You don’t have to use all the verbs and you can use some of them more than once.
Example: The population of the world is rising very fast.
1. The number of people without jobs ______________ at the moment.
2. He is still sick, but he _________________ better slowly.
3. These days food __________________ more and more expensive.
4. The world _____________________. Things never stay the same.
5. The cost of living ________________. Every year things are more expensive.
6. George has gone to work in Spain. At first, his Spanish wasn’t very good, but now it _________.
7. The economic situation is already very bad, and it ___________ worse.
1.3 Read this conversation between Brian and Steve. Put each verb into the correct form.
Brian and Steve meet in restaurant.
Brian: Hello, Steve. I haven’t seen you for ages. What (1) are you doing (you/do) these days?
Steve: I (2) ____________________ (work) in a department store.
Brian: Really? (3) ____________________ (you/enjoy) it?
Steve: Yeah, it’s OK. How about you?
Brian: Well, I (4) _______________ (not/work) at the moment, but I’m very busy.
I (5) ______________ (build) a house.
Steve: Really? (6) _______________ (you/do) it alone?
Brian: No, some friends of mine (7) _______________ (help) me
再发一次，本来帖在后面有的DX没看见，把天涯的链接也发出来，因为是我复制的，如果有不全的，上这个LINK 找一下吧。 http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/english/1/112859.shtml
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 31-8-2009 08:15 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 24-6-2009 07:39
Steve: Really? (6) _______________ (you/do) it alone?
Brian: No, some friends of mine (7) _______________ (help) me
前面的练习我认为都要用进行式。但这两句呢。我想用
did you do it alone.
no. some friends of mine help me.
is it right?
请DX们讨论一下。
I have changed my mind. 这些事情应该还在进行中，没有完成，所以还是用present continuous
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 13-8-2009 11:29 编辑 ]作者: MillerYang 时间: 24-6-2009 23:37 标题: 回复 #2 smallmoon 的帖子 I think so.作者: smallmoon 时间: 25-6-2009 07:25
UNIT 2 Simple Present (I do)
Study this example situation
Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed. So: He is not driving a bus (he is asleep)
But: He drives a bus. This is the simple present tense:
I/we/you/they drive
He/she/(it) drives a. We use the simple present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking:
The earth goes around the sun.
Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
In Canada, most stores close at 6:00 p.m.
Remember that we say he/she/it –s. Don’t forget the s:
b. We use do/does to make question and negative sentences:
do I/we/you/they I/we/you/they don’t
work? work
does he/she/it he/she/it doesn’t
Excuse me, do you speak English?
“Would you like a cigarette?” “No, thanks. I don’t smoke.”
What does this word mean? (not What mean this word?)
Rice doesn’t grow in Alaska.
For questions see also Unit 47.
c. We use the simple present when we say how often we do things:
I get up at 8:00 every morning. (not am getting)
How often do you go to the dentist?
Ann doesn’t go out very often.
In the summer, Tom usually plays tennis twice a week.
d. Note that we say “Where do you come from?” (= Where are you from?):
Where do you come from? (not Where are you coming from?)
He comes from Japan. (not He is coming from Japan.)
UNIT 2 Exercises
2.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
George doesn’t go (not/go) to the movies very often.
How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?
1. The swimming pool ____________ (open) at 9:00 and _________ (close) at 6:30 every day.
2. What time _____________ (the banks/ close) here?
3. I have a car, but I _______________ (not/use) it very often.
4. How many cigarettes ____________ (you/ smoke) a day?
5. “What __________ (you/do)?” “I’m an electrical engineer.”
6. “Where __________ (your father/ come) from?” “He __________ (come) from Mexico.”
7. It ___________ (take) me an hour to get to work. How long __________ (it/take) you?
8. I ________ (play) the piano, but I _________ (not/ play) very well.
9. I don’t understand the word “deceive”. What _____________ (“deceive”/ mean)?
2.2 Read these sentences and correct them. The English is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.
Example: The sun goes around the earth. The sun doesn’t go around the earth. The earth goes around the sun.
1. The sun rises in the west. ______________________________________________________
2. Mice catch cats. _____________________________________________
3. Carpenters make things from metal. _______________________________________________
4. The Amazon River flows into the Pacific Ocean. _______________________________________
2.3 Use these sentences to make questions. Begin your questions with the word(s) in parentheses (___)
Example: Tom plays tennis. (How often)? How often does Tom play tennis?
I jog in the morning. (What time/usually?) what time do you usually jog?
1. Ann watches television. (How often?) How often__________________________________
2. I write to my parents. (How often?) __________________________________________
3. I have dinner in the evening. (What time/ usually?) _____________________________
4. Tom works. (Where?) ____________________________________
5. I go to the movies. (How often?) ________________________________________
6. People do stupid things. (Why?) ________________________________________
7. The car breaks down. (How often?) _____________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 28-6-2009 14:04
电脑坏了两日，今天补上。
UNIT 3 Present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)?
Before you study this unit, study Units 1 and 2 a. Study this explanation and compare the examples: Present continuous (I am doing) Use the present continuous to talk about something that is happening at or close to the time of speaking:
I am doing
past now future
The water is boiling. Could you turn it off, please?
Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?
“Where’s Tom?” “He’s playing tennis.” (you find a stranger in your room) What are you doing here?
Maria is in Canada for three months. She’s Learning English.
Use the present continuous for a temporary situation:
I’m living with some friends until I can find an apartment.
Mary usually has a summer job, but she isn’t working this summer.
Simple present (I do)
Use the simple present to talk about things in general or things that happen repeatedly:
I do
past future
Water boils at 100 degree Celsius
Excuse me, do you speak English?
Tom plays tennis every Saturday.
What do you usually do on the weekend?
What do you do? (= What’s your job?)
Most people learn to swim when they are children.
Use the simple present for permanent situation:
My parents live in Boston. They have been there for 20 years.
Jack doesn’t work during the summer
He always takes a long vacation.
b. Some verbs are used only in simple tense. For example, you cannot say “ I am knowing.” You can only say I know. Here is a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tense (but there are exceptions): wantlike belongknowsupposeremember needlovesee realizemeanforgetpreferhatehearbelieveunderstandseemhave (meaning “posses”; see also Unit23) think (meaning “believe”/ “have an opinion”)
Do you like Rome? (not are you liking)
He doesn’t understand the problem. (not he isn’t understanding)
These shoes belong to me. (not are belonging)
What do you think Tom will do? (= What do you believe he will do?)
Do you have a car? (not are you having)
but: What are you thinking about? (= What is going to your mind?)
UNIT3 Exercises 3.1 Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct the ones that are wrong. Examples: I don’t know your telephone number. Right
Please don’t make so much noise. I study. Wrong – am studying
1. Look! Somebody is climbing that tree over there. _____________
2. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? _____________
3. Are you believing in God? _____________
4. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. _____________
5. The moon goes around the earth. _____________
6. What are you thinking about my idea? ______________
7. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing. ___________
8. I’m usually going to work by car. _____________
3.2 Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do).
Examples: Please don’t make so much noise. I am studying (study).
How many languages does Tom speak (Tom/speak)?
Jean doesn’t speak (not/speak) any foreign languages.
1. I _____________ (not/belong) to a political party.
2. Hurry! The bus __________ (come). I ___________ (not/want) to miss it.
3. The Nile River ____________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
4. The river ________________ (flow) very fast today -- much faster than usual.
5. ___________________(it/ever/snow) in India?
6. We usually ________________ (grow) vegetable in our garden, but this year we ______________ (not/grow) any.
7. A: Can you drive?
B: No, but I ____________________ (learn).
8. You can borrow my umbrella. I ________________ (not/need) it right now.
9. I ______________ (get) hungry. Let’s go get something to eat.
10. George is vegetarian. He _______________ (not/eat) meat.
11. George says he’s 80 years old, but I _______________ (not/believe) him.
12. Ron is in San Francisco now. He ____________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually __________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he’s in San Francisco.
In these sentences, think about whether the situation is temporary or permanent.
13. My parents _______________ (live) in Winnipeg. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where ________________ (your parents/ live)?
14. She ______________ (stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere else to live.
15. A: What ______________ (your father/ do)?
B: He’s a teacher, but he _______________ (not/ work) right now.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 16-7-2009 09:22 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-6-2009 08:31
UNIT 4 Present tenses ( I am doing/ I do) with a future meaning
a. Present continuous with a future meaning Study this example situation: This is Tom’s schedule for next week.
He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.
He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.
He is having dinner with Ann on Friday.
In all these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things. When you are talk about what you have already arranged to do, use the present continuous (I am doing). Do not use the simple present (I do). A: What are you doing tomorrow evening? (not what do you do),
B: I’m going to the theater. (not I go)
A: Are you playing tennis tomorrow?
B: Yes, but Tom isn’t playing. He hurt his leg.(? should be : he hurts his leg? no sure,I got the answer, hurt 这里用过去式)
A: Ann is coming tomorrow.
B: Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
A: At 10:15.
B: Are you meeting her at the station?
A: I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
It is also possible to use going to (do) in these sentences:
What are you going to do tomorrow evening?
Tom is going to play tennis on Monday afternoon. But the present continuous is usually more natural when you are talking about arrangements. See also Unit 5.
Do not use will to talk about what you have already arranged to do:
What are you doing this evening? (not what will you do)
Alex is getting married next month. (not Alex will get)
For will see Unit 6 & 7.
b. Simple present with a future meaning We use the simple present when we are talking about timetables, schedules, etc. (for example, public transportation, movies):
What time does the movie begin?
The train leaves Boston at 7:25 a.m. and arrives in Washington, D.C., at 3:41 p.m.
The football game starts at 2:00.
Tomorrow is Wednesday. But we do not usually use the simple present for personal arrangements:
What time are you meeting Ann? (not do you meet)
UNIT 4 Exercises
4.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on vacation very soon. You ask him about his plans. Use the words in parentheses (…) to make your questions.
Example: (where/go)? Where are you going?
4.2 Ann is going on vacation. Write sentences about her vacation plans. Use the words in parentheses to write your sentences.
Example: (go/Hawaii) She is going to Hawaii.
1. (leave/next Friday) She __________________
2. (Stay/in Hawaii for two weeks) _____________
3. (go/with a friend of hers) ________________
4. (stay/in a hotel) They __________________
5. (go/ by plane) ___________________
4.3 Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your schedule for the next few days and explain to him why you can’t come.
Tom: Can you come on Monday evening?
You: Sorry, I’d love to, but I’m playing volleyball.
Tom: What about Tuesday evening then?
You: I’m afraid I can’t. I (meeting at work till 9PM) _____________
Tom: Well, what are you doing on Wednesday evening?
You: (theater with mother) __________________________
Tom: I see. Well, are you free on Thursday evening?
You: I’m afraid not. (dinner Judy 8PM) _____________________________
4.4 Put the verb into the most appropriate form: present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)
Example: We are going (go) to the theater this evening.
Does the movie begin (the movie/ begin) at 3:30 or 4:30?
1. We __________ (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
2. I _____________ (not/go) away for my vacation next month because I don’t have enough money. ________________ (you/go) away?
3. The concert this evening ________________ (start) at 8:00.
4. George, is it true that you ________________ (get) married next week?
5. The art exhibit ______________ (open) on May 3rd and ___________ (close) on July 15.
6. What time _________________________(the next train/leave)?
7. Ann, We _____________________ (go) to the park. ________________ (you/come) with us?
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 5-7-2009 08:26 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-6-2009 08:33
这一课的练习对我有点难度，希望能有DX一起讨论一下。我把我的答案迟点写出来，希望有人指正。作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-6-2009 16:12
UNIT 4 Exercises
4.1 A friend of yours is planning to go on vacation very soon. You ask him about his plans. Use the words in parentheses (…) to make your questions.
Example: (where/go)? Where are you going?
1. (how long/stay?)_________how long are you staying____
2. (when /leave?) _______when do you leave_______
3. (go/alone?) _________are you going alone_______
4. (go/by car?) _____________do you go by car__
5. (where/stay?) _____________where do you stay__
4.2 Ann is going on vacation. Write sentences about her vacation plans. Use the words in parentheses to write your sentences.
Example: (go/Hawaii) She is going to Hawaii.
1. (leave/next Friday) She ___is leaving next Friday_________
2. (Stay/in Hawaii for two weeks) _______she is going to stay in Hawaii for two weeks______
3. (go/with a friend of hers) ________she goes with a friend of hers________
4. (stay/in a hotel) They _________Does she stay in a hotel_________
5. (go/ by plane) __________she goes by plane_________
4.3 Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your schedule for the next few days and explain to him why you can’t come.
Tom: Can you come on Monday evening?
You: Sorry, I’d love to, but I’m playing volleyball.
Tom: What about Tuesday evening then?
You: I’m afraid I can’t. I (meeting at work till 9PM) _ I have a meeting at work till 9PM__???__________
Tom: Well, what are you doing on Wednesday evening?
You: (theater with mother) ___ I am going to theater with mohter__
Tom: I see. Well, are you free on Thursday evening?
You: I’m afraid not. (dinner Judy 8PM) ____I am going to have a diner with Judy at 8PM
4.4 Put the verb into the most appropriate form: present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)
Example: We are going (go) to the theater this evening.
Does the movie begin (the movie/ begin) at 3:30 or 4:30?
1. We _____are going to have _____ (have) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come?
2. I am not going to go________ (not/go) away for my vacation next month because I don’t have enough money. ____do you (you/go) away?
3. The concert this evening ___starts_____________ (start) at 8:00.
4. George, is it true that you are going to get (get) married next week?
5. The art exhibit ___opens___________ (open) on May 3rd and ___closes________ (close) on July 15.
6. What time ________________does the next train leave_________(the next train/leave)?
7. Ann, We _____are going to ________________ (go) to the park. ___are you coming _____________ (you/come) with us?作者: smallmoon 时间: 30-6-2009 22:02
UNIT 5 Going to (I am going to do) a. We use going to (do) when we say what we have already decided to do, or what we intend to do in the future:
A: There’s a movie on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I’m too tired. I’m going to make it an early night.
A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it?
B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel around the world.
For the difference between will and going to see Unit 8.
b. We prefer to use the present continuous (I am doing) when we say what someone has arranged to do – for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel somewhere. Going to is also possible:
What time are you meeting Ann? (or are you going to meet)
I’m leaving for Europe on Monday. (or I’m going to leave)
See also Unit 4a.
c. We use was/were going to to say what someone intended to do in the past (but didn’t do):
We were going to take the train, but then we decided to go by car.
A: Did Tom take the exam?
B: No, he was going to take it, but then he changed his mind.
d. Going to also has another meaning. Study this example situation:
The man can’t see where he is going. There is a hole in front of him.
He is going to fall into the hole.
Here the speaker is saying what he thinks will happen. Of course he doesn’t mean that the man intends to fall into the hole.
We use going to in this way when we say what we think will happen. Usually there is something in the present situation (the man walking toward the hole) that makes the speaker sure about what will happen.
Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now)
Oh, I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
UNIT 5 Exercises
5.1 Say when you are going to do something.
Example: Have you cleaned the car? (tomorrow)
Not yet. I’m going to clean it tomorrow.
1. Have you called Tom? (after lunch) Not yet. I ____________________________.
2. Have you had dinner? (in a little while) Not yet. _____________________________
3. Have you painted your apartment? (soon) Not _______________________________
4. Have you fixed my bicycle? (this afternoon) ________________________________
5.2 Write questions with going to.
Example: I’ve won a lot of money. (what/with it?) What are you going to do with it?
1. I’m going to a party tonight. (what/wear?) ___________________________________
2. Tom has just bought a painting. (where/hang it?) ________________________________
3. I’ve decided to have a party. (who/invite?)
5.3 Use was/were going to.
Example: Did you travel by train?
No, I was going to travel by train, but I changed my mind.
1. Did you buy that jacket you saw in the store window?
No, I ______________________, but I changed my mind.
2. Did Sue get married?
No, she _______________________, but she ____________________
3. Did Tom quit his job?
No, ___________________________, but ______________________
4. Did Wayne and Sharon go to Greece for their vacation?
No, _____________________________________________________
5. Did you play tennis yesterday?
No, _____________________________________________________
6. Did you invite Ann to the party?
No, _____________________________________________________
5.4 Say what you think is going to happen in these situations.
Example: The sky is full of black clouds. (rain) It’s going to rain.
1. Terry is taking his exams tomorrow. He hasn’t done any work for them, and he is not very intelligent. (fail) He _________________________________.
2. It is 8:30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8:45, but the trip takes 30 minutes. (be late) _____________________________________________.
3. There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. It is filling up with water very quickly. (sink) It _________________________________________________.
4. Ann is driving. There is very little gas left in the tank. The nearest gas station is a long way from here. (run out of gas) _______________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 2-7-2009 22:43
UNIT 6 Will (1)
a. We use will (‘ll) when we decided to do something at the time of speaking:
Oh, I left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.
“What would you like to drink?” “I’ll have some coffee please.”
“Did you call Ann?” “Oh no, I forgot. I’ll do it now.”
I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll take a taxi.
You cannot use the simple present (I do) in these sentences.
I’ll go and shut it. (not I go and shut it) Do not use will to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:
I can’t meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me. (not my parent will come)
The negative of will is won’t (or will not):
Receptionist: I’m afraid Mr. Wood can’t see you until 4:00.
You: Oh, in that case I won’t wait. We often use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll … when we decide to do something:
I think I’ll stay home this evening.
I don’t think I’ll go out tonight. I’m too tired. b. We of the use will in these situations: Offering to do something:
That bag looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. (not I help)
“I need some money.” “Don’t worry, I’ll lend you some.” Agreeing or refusing to do something:
A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back?
B: Of course. I’ll bring it back this afternoon. (not I bring)
I’ve asked John to help me, but he won’t.
The car won’t start. (= the car “refuses” to start) Promising to do something:
Thank you for lending me the money. I’ll pay you back on Friday. (not I pay)
I won’t tell Tom what you said. I promise.
I promise I’ll call you as soon as I arrive. Asking someone to do something (Will you… ?):
Will you shut the door, please?
Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.
For will see also Unit7. For will and going to see Unit 8.
UNIT 6 Exercises
6.1 Complete the sentences with I’ll + an appropriate verb.
Example: I’m too tired to walk home. I think I’ll take a taxi.
1. I’m a little hungry. I think __________________ something to eat.
2. It’s too late to call Tom now. __________________ him in the morning.
3. “It’s a bit cold in this room.” “Is it? _______________ on the heat then.”
4. “We don’t have any milk.” “Oh, we don’t ? __________________ and get some.”
5. “Did you write that letter to Jack?” “Oh, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me. ________ it tonight.”
6. “Would you like tea or coffee?” “______________ coffee, please.”
6.2 Use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll … Read the situation and then write your sentence.
Examples: It’s cold. You decide to close the window. I think I’ll close the window.
It’s raining. You decide not to go out. I do not think I’ll go out.
1. You feel tired. You decide to go to bed. I ________________________.
2. A friend of yours offers you a ride home, but you decide to walk.
Thank you, but ________________________________.
3. You arranged to play tennis. Now you decide that you don’t want to play.
______________________________________________.
4. You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don’t want to go.
______________________________________________.
6.3 Offer to do things. Tom has a log of things to do and you offer to do them for him.
Example: Tom: Oh, I have to clean up. You: No, that’s all right. I’ll clean up.
1. Tom: Oh, I have to get dinner ready. You: No, that’s all right. I _______________.
2. Tom: Oh, I have to do the shopping. You: No, ____________________________.
3. Tom: Oh, I have to water the plants. You: _______________________________.
6.4 Agree and promise to do things.
Example: A: Can you clean the windows? B: Sure, I’ll clean them this afternoon.
A: Do you promise? B: Yes, I promise I’ll clean them this afternoon.
1. A: Can you call me later? B: Sure, _______________________ tonight.
A: Do you promise? B: Yes, __________________________________.
2. A: Can you fix the clock. B: Okay, _______________________ tomorrow.
A: Do _______________________? B: ___________________________
3. A: Please don’t tell anyone. B: All right, I won’t tell anyone.
A: ___________________________ B: ___________________________.
4. A: Please don’t hurt me. B: Don’t worry, _________________________________
A: ___________________________ B: ___________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 3-7-2009 22:17
UNIT 7 Will (2)
a. When we talk about the future, we often say what someone has arranged to do or intends to do. Do not use will in this situation:
Tom is playing tennis on Monday. (not Tom will play)
Are you going to watch television this evening? (not will you watch)
For arrangements and intentions about the future, we are not talking about arrangements or intentions. Study this example:
Tom: I’m really worried about my exam next week.
Ann: Don’t worry. Tom. You’ll pass.
“You’ll pass” is not an arrangement or intention. Ann is just saying what will happen or what she thinks will happen; she is predicting the future. When we predict a future happening or a future situation, we use will/won’t.
When you return home, you’ll notice a lot of changes.
This time next year I’ll be in Japan. Where will you be?
When will you find out your exam results?
Tom won’t pass his exam. He hasn’t done any work for it.
We often use will with these words and expression:
probably I’ll probably be a little late this evening.
(I’m) sure You must meet Ann. I’m sure you’ll like her.
(I) bet I bet Carol will get the job.
(I) think Do you think we’ll win the match?
(I) suppose I suppose we’ll see John at the party.
(I) guess I guess I’ll see you next week.
b. Will and shall
You can say I will or I shall (I’ll)
We will or we shall (we’ll)
I will (or shall) probably go to Europe this summer.
We will (or we shall) probably go to Europe this summer.
Will is more common than shall. In speech we normally use the short forms I’ll and we’ll:
I’ll probably go to Europe Do not use shall with he/she/it/they/you.
John will help you. (not shall help you) We use shall (not will) in the question
Shall I …? And Shall we …? (for offers, suggestions, etc.):
Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)
Where shall we go this evening?
For will see also Units 6,8 and 9.
UNIT 7 Exercises
7.1 Decide which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences. Cross out the one that is wrong.
Example: Tom isn’t free on Saturday. He will work/ is working.
1. I will go/ am going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like come too?
2. According to the weather forecast, it will rain/ is raining tomorrow.
3. I’m sure Tom will get/ is getting the job. He has a lot of experience.
4. I can’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come/ is coming to see me.
5. A: Have you decided where to go for your vacation yet?
B: Yes, we will go/ are going to Italy.
6. Don’t worry about the dog. It won’t hurt/ isn’t hurting you.
7.2 Write question using do you think…will… Use a verb from the box each time.
Arrive come cost finish get married rain pass
1. Bill is taking his final exam soon. Do you think he will pass?
2. I’ve invited her to the party. Do you ________________ she_________________?
3. Jack and Ann are coming over this evening. What time do ___________ they__________?
4. The weather doesn’t look very good. Do __________________________________?
5. My car needs to be repaired. How much ______________________?
6. They are in love. Do ______________________________?
7. The meeting is still going on. When ______________________________?
7.3 Answer these questions using the words in parentheses (…).
Example: Who you think will win the prize? (bet/sue) I bet sue will win.
1. What do you think she’ll say? (probably/nothing) She _______________________________.
2. Where do you think she’ll go? (bet/ South America) I _____________________________.
3. When do you think she’ll leave? (I think/ tomorrow) I _____________________________.
4. How do you think she’ll go there? (suppose/ by plane) I _____________________________.
5. When do you think she’ll be back? (think/ quite soon) I ______________________________.
6. Do you think you’ll miss her? (I’m sure/very much) Yes, ____________________________.
7.4 Read each situation and then write a question with shall I? or small we? I each situation you are talking to a friend.
Example: It’s very hot in the room. The window is shut. Shall I open the window?
1. Your friend wants you to call him/ her later. You don’t know what time to call. Ask your friend. You say: What _____________________________________
2. You and your friend haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say __________________
3. You and your friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to walk. You say: ________________________________ or ______________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 5-7-2009 08:34 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 5-7-2009 08:39
UNIT8 Will or going to?
a. Talking about future actions
We use both will and going to talk about our future actions, but there is clear difference. Study this example situation:
Helen’s bicycle has a flat tire. She tells her father.
Helen ： my bicycle has a flat tire. Can you fix it for me?
Father: Okay, but I can’t do it now. I’ll fix it tomorrow.
will: We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has not decided before. Before Helen told her father, he didn’t know about the flat tire.
Later, Helen’s mother speaks to her husband.
Mother: Can you fix Helen’s bicycle? It has a flat tire.
Father: Yes, I know. She told me. I’m going to fix it tomorrow.
going to: We use going to when we have already decided to do something. Helen’s father had already decided to fix the bicycle before his wife spoke to him.
He is another example:
Tom is cooking when he suddenly discovers that there isn’t any salt:
Tom: Ann, we don’t have any salt.
Ann: Oh, we don’t? I’ll get some from the store. (she decides at the time of speaking)
Before going out, Ann says to Jim:
Ann: I’m going to get some salt from the store. (she has already decided)
Can I get you anything, Jim?
b. Saying what will happen (predicting future happenings) We use both will and going to to say what we think will happen in the future:
Do you think Laura will get the job?
Oh no! It’s already 4:00. We’re going to be late. We use going to (not will) when there is something in the present situation that shows what will happen in the future (especially the near future). The speaker feels sure about what will happen because of the situation now (see also Unit 5d):
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now)
I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now)
Do not use will in situations like these.
In other situation, use will (see also Unit 7):
Sue will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock.
I think George will like the present you bought for him
UNIT 8 Exercises
8.1 Put the verb into the correct form, using will or going to.
Examples: A: Why are you turning on the TV?
B: I’m going to watch (watch) the news.
A: Oh, I just realized – I don’t have any money.
B: Don’t worry -- that’s no problem. I’ll lend (lend) you some.
Those clouds are very black, aren’t they? I think it is going to rain (rain).
7. A: I’ve got a terrible headache.
B: Do you? Wait here and I __________ (get) you some aspirin.
8. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?33
B: I ____________________ (wash) the car.
9. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, you have? What color __________ (you/paint) it?
10. A: Look! There’s smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire!
B: Oh no! I ________________ (call) the fire department right away.
11. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if it ___________ (fall) down.
12. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, I ______________ (buy) something for dinner.
13. A: I can’t figure out how to use this camera.
B: It’s easy. I ___________ (show) you.
14. A: What would you like to have – coffee or tea?
B: I __________ (have) coffee, please.
15. A: has George decided what to go when he finishes school?
B: Oh yes. Everything is settled. He _____________ (take) a vacation for a few weeks, and then he ___________ (start) a computer programming course.
16. A: Did you mail that letter for me?
B: Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I ___________ (do) it now.
17. A: What shall we have for dinner?
B: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind.
A: Come on, hurry up! Make a decision!
B: Okay. We ______________ (have) chicken.
18. Jack: We need some bread for lunch.
Ben: Oh, we do? I __________ (go) to the store and get some. I feel like taking a walk.
Before he goes out, Ben talks to Jane:
Ben: I _____________ (get) some bread. Do you want anything from the store?
Jane: Yes, I need some envelopes.
Ben: Okay, I ______________ (get) you some.
19. John has to go to the airport to catch a plane. He doesn’t have a car:
John: Toshi, can you take me to the airport tonight?
Toshi: Of course I ______________ (take) you. I’d be happy to.
Later that day Eric offers to take John to the airport?
Eric: John, do you want me to take you to the airport?
John: No thanks, Eric. Toshi _________ (take) me.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 5-7-2009 08:43 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 5-7-2009 08:44
这一课习我觉得是凭直觉来做的。迟点发我的答案上来，请多指教。作者: smallmoon 时间: 6-7-2009 12:18
UNIT 8 Exercises
8.1 Put the verb into the correct form, using will or going to.
Examples: A: Why are you turning on the TV?
B: I’m going to watch (watch) the news.
A: Oh, I just realized – I don’t have any money.
B: Don’t worry -- that’s no problem. I’ll lend (lend) you some.
Those clouds are very black, aren’t they? I think it is going to rain (rain).
7. A: I’ve got a terrible headache.
B: Do you? Wait here and I __will get(get) you some aspirin.
8. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?33
B: I __________am goint to wash__________ (wash) the car.
9. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.
B: Oh, you have? What color will you paint__________ (you/paint) it?
10. A: Look! There’s smoke coming out of that house. It’s on fire!
B: Oh no! I ___will call_____________ (call) the fire department right away.
11. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?
B: No, it looks as if it ___is goint go fall________ (fall) down.
12. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
B: Yes, I ______am going to buy________ (buy) something for dinner.
13. A: I can’t figure out how to use this camera.
B: It’s easy. I __will show_________ (show) you.
14. A: What would you like to have – coffee or tea?
B: I ____would have______ (have) coffee, please.
15. A: has George decided what to go when he finishes school?
B: Oh yes. Everything is settled. He ________is going to take_____ (take) a vacation for a few weeks, and then he _______will start____ (start) a computer programming course.
16. A: Did you mail that letter for me?
B: Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. I ___will do________ (do) it now.
17. A: What shall we have for dinner?
B: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind.
A: Come on, hurry up! Make a decision!
B: Okay. We _____will have_________ (have) chicken.
18. Jack: We need some bread for lunch.
Ben: Oh, we do? I ___will go_______ (go) to the store and get some. I feel like taking a walk.
Before he goes out, Ben talks to Jane:
Ben: I ____am going to get_________ (get) some bread. Do you want anything from the store?
Jane: Yes, I need some envelopes.
Ben: Okay, I ________will get______ (get) you some.
19. John has to go to the airport to catch a plane. He doesn’t have a car:
John: Toshi, can you take me to the airport tonight?
Toshi: Of course I __wil take__________ (take) you. I’d be happy to.
Later that day Eric offers to take John to the airport?
Eric: John, do you want me to take you to the airport?
John: No thanks, Eric. Toshi ___is going to take______ (take) me.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 6-7-2009 12:20 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 6-7-2009 12:25
UNIT 9 When and if sentences (When I do… / If I do…)
a. Study this example:
A: What time will you call me tonight?
B: I’ll call you when I get home from work.
“I’ll call you when I get home from work” is a sentence with two parts: “I’ll call you” (the main part) and “when I get home from work” (the when part). The sentence is future (tonight), but you cannot use will or going to in the when part of the sentence. Instead we use a present tense, usually simple present (I do).
I can’t talk to you now. I’ll talk to you later when I have more time.(not when I’ll have)
When the rain stops, we’ll go out. (not when the rain will stop) The same thing happens after: While after before until/till as soon as
Can you take care of the children while I am out? (not will be)
Before you leave, you must visit the museum. (not will leave)
Wait here until I come back. (not will come)
b. You can also use the present perfect (I have done) after when/after/until, etc., to show that the first action will be finished before the second: After I’ve read this book, you can have it.
Don’t say anything while Tom is here. Wait until he has gone. It is often possible to use either the simple present or present perfect:
I’ll come as soon as I finish. or I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished.
You’ll feel better when you have something to eat. or
You’ll feel better when you have had something to eat.
c. After if we also use the simple present (I do) for the future:
It’s raining. We’ll get wet if we go out. (not if we will go)
Hurry up! If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late. (not if we won’t hurry)
Be careful not to confuse when and if.
Use when for things that are sure to happen:
I’m going shopping this afternoon. When I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.
Use if (not when) for things that will possibly happen:
I might go shopping this afternoon. If I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.
If it rains this evening, I won’t go out. (not when it rains)
Don’t worry if I’m late tonight. (not when I’m late)
If he doesn’t come soon, I’m not going to wait. (not when he doesn’t come)
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 16-7-2009 09:26 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 6-7-2009 13:14
UNIT 9 Exercises
9.1 All the sentences in this exercise are about the future. Put the verbs into the correct form: the future will/ won’t or the simple present (I do).
Example: When I see (see) Tom tonight, I’ll invite (invite) him to our party.
1. Before you ___________ (leave), don’t forget to shut the windows.
2. I ___________ (call) you as soon as I __________ (arrive) in Tokyo.
3. Please don’t touch anything before the police _____________ (come).
4. Everyone ______________ (be) very surprised if they _____________ (pass) the exam.
5. When you ____________ (see) Brian again, you _____________ (not/recognize) him.
6. We ___________ (not/start) dinner until Karen ______________ (arrive).
7. ____________ (you/be) lonely without me while I ______________ (be) away?
8. If I ________________ (need) any help, I ______________ (ask) you.
9. Come on! Hurry up! Ann ___________ (be) annoyed if we ____________ (be) late.
9.2 Make one sentence from two sentences
Example: You are going to leave soon. You must visit the museum before that.
You must visit the museum before you leave.
1. I’ll find somewhere to live. Then I’ll give you my address.
I ______________________ when ___________________________.
2. It’s going to start raining. Let’s go out before that.
Let’s ___________________________ before _______________________.
3. I’m going to do the shopping. Then I’ll come straight home.
___________________________ after _______________________.
4. You’ll be in Washington next month. You must come and see me then.
______________________________ when ____________________________.
5. I’m going to finish reading this book. Then I’ll get the dinner ready.
_____________________________ when ___________________________.
6. We’ll make our decision. Then we’ll let you know.
___________________________ as soon as _________________________.
9.3 Fill in when or if.
Example: If it rains this evening, I won’t go out.
1. I’m sorry you’ve decided to go away. I’ll be very sad _________________ you leave.
2. Tom might call this evening. ______________ he does, can you take a message?
3. I think he’ll get the job. I’ll be very surprised __________ he doesn’t get it.
4. I hope to be there by 10:30. But ____________ I’m not there, don’t wait for me.
5. I’m going shopping _____________ you want anything, I can get it for you.
6. I think I’ll go home now. I’m feeling very tired. I think I’ll go right to bed ______ I get home.
7. I’m going away for a few days. I’ll call you ________ I get back.
8. I want you to come to the party but ___________ you don’t want to come, you don’t have to.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 7-7-2009 09:49 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 7-7-2009 09:58
UNIT 10 Will be doing and will have done
a. First study this example situation:
Tom is a football fan, and there is a football game on television this evening. The game begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15. Ann wants to go and see Tom this evening and wants to know what time to come over:
Ann: Is it all right if I come over at about 8:30?
Tom: No, don’t come then. I’ll be watching the game on TV.
Ann: Oh. Well, what about 9:30?
Tom: Yes, that’ll be fine. The game will have ended by then.
b. We use will be doing (future continuous) to say that we will be in the middle of doing something at a certain time in the future. The football game begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15. So during this time, for example at 8:30, Tom will be watching the match.
Here are some more examples:
You’ll recognize her when you see her. She’ll be wearing a yellow hat.
This time next week I’ll be on vacation. I’ll probably be lying on a beautiful beach. Compare will be doing with the other continuous forms:
Bill works every morning from 9 o’clock until noon. So:
At 10 o’clock yesterday he was working. (past continuous – see Unit 12)
It’s 10 o’clock now. He is working. (present continuous – see Unit1)
At 10 o’clock tomorrow he will be working.
c. You can also use will be doing in another way: to talk about things that are already planned or decided:
I’ll be going downtown later. Can I get you anything?
With this meaning will be doing is similar to am doing (see Unit 4a):
I’m going downtown later.
We often use Will (you) be-ing? to ask about people’s plans, especially when we want something or want someone to do something:
“Will you be using your bicycle this evening?” “No, you can take it.”
“Will you be passing the post office when you go out?” “Yes, why?”
d. We use will have done (future perfect) to say that something will already have happened before a certain time in the future.
Tom’s football game ends at 9:15. So after this time, for example at 9:30, the game will have ended.
Here are some more examples:
Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25th wedding anniversary. They will have been married for 25 years. (Now they have been married for 24 years.
We’re late. I guess the movie will already have started by the time we get to the theater.
UNIT 10 Exercises 10.1 Make sentences with will be -ing.
Example: I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening.
So at 9:30 I will be watching television.
1. Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3:00 to 4:30. So at 4:00 tomorrow I __________________________________________.
2. Jim is going to study from 7:00 until 10:00 this evening. So at 8:30 this evening he __________________________________________.
3. We are going to clean the apartment tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’clock. So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning __________________________________________.
10.2 Write three sentences, one each about the past, present, and future.
Bob always reads the newspaper in the morning. It always takes him half an hour, from 8:00 until 8:30. So:
1. At 8:15 yesterday morning Bob _________________________.
2. It’s 8:15 now. He ___________________________.
3. At 8:15 tomorrow morning he __________________________.
10.3 Ask question with Will you be –ing?
Example: You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this evening. (you/use/your bicycle this evening? Will you be using your bicycle this evening?
1. You want your friend to give Jean a message this afternoon.
(you/see/Jean this afternoon?)__________________________________.
2. You want to use your friend’s typewriter tomorrow evening.
(you/use/your typewriter tomorrow evening?)_______________________________________.
3. Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her to buy some stamps for you at the post office. (you/pass/the post office while you’re downtown?)____________________________________.
10.4 Use will have done.
Example: Tom and Ann are going to the movies. The movie begins at 7:30 and it is already 7:20. It will take them 20 minutes to get there. When they get there, (the/film/already/start) the film will have already started.
2. Jim always goes to bed at 11:00. Peter is going to visit him at 11:30 this evening. When Peter arrives, (Jim/go/to bed) _____________________________________.
3. Tom is on vacation. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quickly. Before the end of his vacation, (he/spend/all his money) ___________________________________.
4. Sue went to Canada from the U.S. almost three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years since she arrived. Next Monday (she/be/in Canada/exactly three years) ________________________________________________________________.作者: smallmoon 时间: 9-7-2009 08:04
UNIT 11 Simple past (I did) a. Study this example:
Tom: Look! It’s raining again.
Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained all day yesterday too.
Rained is the simple past tense. We use the simple past to talk about actions or situations in the past.
I enjoyed the party very much. Mr. Brown died ten years ago.
When I lived in Athens, I worked in a bank.
b. Very often the simple past ends in –ed:
We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
She passed her exam because she studied very hard.
For spelling rules see Appendix 3.
But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the simple past does not end in –ed:
leave → left We all left the party at 11:00.
go → went Last month I went to Rome to see a friend of mine.
cost → cost This house cost $75,000 in 1980. The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were:
I/he/she/it was we/you/they were
I was angry because Tom and Ann were late.
For a list of irregular verbs see Appendix 2.
c. In simple past question and negatives we use did/didn’t + the base form (do/open, etc.):
it rained did it rain? It didn’t rain
Ann: Did you go out last night, Tom?
Tom: Yes, I went to the movies. But I didn’t enjoy it.
When did Mrs. Johnson die? What did you do over the weekend?
We didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t come.
Why didn’t you call me on Tuesday? Note that we normally use did/didn’t with have:
Did you have time to write the letter?
I didn’t have enough money to buy anything to eat.
But we do not use did with the verb be (was/were):
Why were you so angry? Was Mark at work yesterday?
They weren’t able to come because they were very busy.
For the simple past see also Units 12,19, and 20.
UNIT 11 Exercises. 11.1 Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.
Example: Carol usually gets up at 7:30. Yesterday she got up at 7:30.
1. Carol usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning ______________.
2. Carol usually walks to work. Yesterday ____________________.
3. Carol is usually late for work. Yesterday _____________________.
4. Carol usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday ______________.
5. Carol usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening _______________.
6. Carol usually sleeps very well. Last night ________________________.
11.2 Put one of these verbs in each sentence: hurt teach spend sell throw fall catch buy cost
Example: I was hungry, so I bought something to eat at the store.
1. Tom’s father ____________ him how to drive when he was 17.
2. Don __________ down the stairs this morning and _________ his leg.
3. We needed some money, so we ___________ our car.
4. Ann _________ a lot of money yesterday. She _________ a dress that __________ $80.
5. Jim _________ the ball to Sue, who __________ it.
11.3 Write questions. A friend has just come back from vacation and you are asking about it.
Examples: where / go? Where did you go?
food / good? Was the food good?
1. how long / stay there? _____________________
2. stay in a hotel? _____________________
3. go alone? __________________________
4. how / travel? ______________________
5. the weather / nice ______________________
6. what / do it the evenings? ____________________
7. meet any interesting people? ____________________________
11.4 Put the verb into the correct form. Use the simple past.
Example: I didn’t go (not/go) to work yesterday because I wasn’t (not/be) well.
1. Tom __________ (not/shave) this morning because he ___________ (not/have) time.
2. We __________ (not/eat) anything because we _________ (not/be) hungry.
3. I __________ (not/rush) because I ___________ (not/be) in a hurry.
4. She _____________ (not/be) interested in the book because she __________ (not/understand) it.作者: smallmoon 时间: 10-7-2009 08:31
UNIT 12 Past continuous (I was doing) a. Study this example situation:
Yesterday Dave and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and finished at 11:00.
What were they doing at 10:30?
“They were playing” means that they were in the middle of playing tennis. They has started playing, but hadn’t finished.
This is past continuous tense:
I/he/she was
playing
We/you/they were We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished:
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10:00 last night?
b. The past continuous does not tell us whether an action was finished or not. Perhaps it was finished, perhaps not. Compare:
Dan was cooking dinner. (past continuous) = He was in the middle of cooking dinner and we don’t know whether he finished cooking it.
Dan cooked dinner. (simple past) = He began and finished it.
c. We often use the past continuous (I was doing) and the simple past (I did) together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
Dan burned his hand while he was cooking dinner.
I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book.
It was raining when I got up.
While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.
But to say that one thing happened after another, use the simple past.
Last night Sue was taking a bath when the phone rang. She got out of the bathtub and answered the phone.
Compare:
When Helen arrived, we were having dinner. (past continuous) = We had already started dinner before Helen arrived.
When Helen arrived, we had dinner. (simple past) = Helen arrived and then we had dinner.
Note: There are some verbs (for example, know) that are not normally used in continuous tense. For a list of these verbs see Unit 3b.作者: smallmoon 时间: 10-7-2009 08:40
UNIT 12 Exercises 12.1 Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she did them):
1. 8:45 – 9:15 had breakfast
2. 9:15 – 10:00 read the newspaper
3. 10:00 – 12:00 cleaned her apartment
4. 12:45 – 1:30 had lunch
5. 2:30 – 3:30 washed some clothes
6. 4:00 – 6:00 watched TV
Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times:
1. At 9:00 she was having breakfast.
2. At 9:30 she _________________
3. At 11:00 ___________________
4. At 1:00 ____________________
5. At 3:00 ____________________
6. At 5:00 ____________________
12.2 A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Use the words in parentheses (___) to make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.
Example: (Don/take/a bath) Don was taking a bath.
1. (Ann/write/ a letter in her room) Ann ______________________.
2. (George/get/ready to go out) George _______________________.
3. (Carol and Dennis/have/dinner) Carol and Dennis _____________________.
4. (Tom/make/a phone call) Tom _________________________.
12.3 Make sentences from the words in parentheses. Put the verbs into the correct form: simple past (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).
Example: (I/fall/asleep when I/watch/TV) I fell asleep when I was watching TV.
1. (the phone/ring/while I/take a shower) The phone __________________.
2. (it/begin/to rain while I/walk/home) ___________________.
3. (we/see/an accident while we/wait/for the bus) ___________________.
12.4 Put the verb into the correct form: past continuous or simple past.
Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) dinner, the phone rang (ring).
1. George ___________ (fall) off the ladder while he __________ (paint) the ceiling.
2. Last night I __________ (read) in bed when suddenly I _________ (hear) a scream.
3. ____________ (you/watch) TV when I called you?
4. Ann __________ (wait) for me when I __________ (arrive).
5. I __________ (not/drive) very fast when the accident __________ (happen).
6. I __________ (break) a plate last night. I ________ (wash) the dishes when it ________ (slip) out of my hand.
7. Tom _______ (take) a picture of me while I _____________ (not/look).
8. We _________ (not/go) out because it _________ (rain).
9. What ___________ (you/do) at this time yesterday?
10. I ___________ (see) Carol at he party. She _____________ (wear) a new dress.
I was seening Carol at her party. she weared a new dress. 对吗？这句答案？？作者: naughtybaby 时间: 10-7-2009 08:40
good start, keep it on pls!作者: smallmoon 时间: 11-7-2009 11:15
UNIT 13 Present perfect (I have done) (1) a. Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key.
“He has lost his key” means that he lost it a short time ago and he still doesn’t have it.
This is the present perfect (simple) tense:
I/we/they/you have (= I’ve, etc.)
lost
He/she/has (= he’s, etc.)
I etc. haven’t have you (etc.)
lost lost
he/she hasn’t has he/she We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle. The past participle often ends in –ed (opened, decided), but many important verbs are irregular (lost, written, done, etc.). See Appendix 2.
b. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with the present:
I’ve lost my key. (= I don’t have it now.)
Jim has gone to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there now.)
c. We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:
I’ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
Did you hear about Jim? He’s gone to Canada.
You can use the present perfect with just (= a short time ago):
“Would you like something to eat?” “No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.”
Hello, have you just arrived? Use the present perfect with already to say something has happened sooner than expected:
“Don’t forget to mail the letter.” “I’ve already mailed it.”
“When is Tom going to start his new job?” “He has already started.”
Note that you can also use the simple past (I did/I lost, etc.) in the above situations.
I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
“Would you like something to eat?” “No thanks. I just had lunch.”
“Don’t forget to mail the letter.” “I already mailed it.”
d. Sturdy the difference between gone to and been to:
Beth is on vacation. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on her way there.)
Tom is back from is vacation. He has been to Italy. (= He was there, but now he has come back.)
(See also Unit 114.)
For the present perfect see also Units 14 –19.
For the present and simple past see Units 19 – 20 .
UNIT 13 Exercises 13.1 You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form.
Example: Phi/find a new job Phil has found a new job.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. Fred/go/Brazil Fred ______________________.
2. Jack and Jill/decide/to get married ______________________.
3. Suzanne/have/a baby __________________________.
4. Liz/give up/smoking _________________________.
5. George/pass/his driving test _______________________.
13.2 Read the situation and then write an appropriate sentence. Use the verb given.
Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. (lose) He has lost his key.
1. Sue’s hair was dirty. Now it is clean. (wash) She ____________________.
2. Tom weighed 190 pounds. Now he weighs 170. (lose weigh) __________________________.
3. The car has just stopped because there isn’t any more gas in the tank. (run out of gas) _______.
4. This morning Bill was playing football. Now he can’t walk and his leg is in a cast. (break) ___.
13.3 Use just. Answer the questions using the words given.
Example: Would you like something to eat? (no thank you/I/just/have/dinner)
No thank you. I’ve just had dinner.
1. Have you seen John anywhere? (yes/I/just/see/him) Yes, __________________________,
2. Has Ann called yet? (yes/she/just/call) __________________________________________.
3. Would you like a cigarette? (no thanks/I/just/put/one out) ___________________________.
13.4 Write sentences with already.
Example: Don’t forget to mail that letter. I’ve already mailed it.
1. Don’t forget to call Eric. I _____________________________.
2. Why don’t you read the paper? _____________________.
3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I ____________________________.
13.5 Fill in been or gone.
Example: “Where’s Amy?” “She’s on vacation. She has gone to Italy.”
1. Hello! I’ve just _________ to the store. Look at all the things I’ve bought.
2. Jim isn’t here at the moment. He’s ______________ to the store.
3. “Are you going to the bank?” “No, I’ve already __________ to the bank.”作者: smallmoon 时间: 11-7-2009 11:17
thanks, I will作者: smallmoon 时间: 12-7-2009 08:17
UNIT 14 Present perfect (I have done) (2) a. Study this example conversation:
Dave: Have you traveled a lot, Jane?
Jane: Yes, I’ve been to 47 different countries.
Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China?
Jane: Yes, I’ve visited China twice.
Dave: What about India?
Jane: No, I’ve never been to India. When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use the present perfect.
Jane and Dave are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period continuing up to the present).
Here are some more examples:
“Have you read Hamlet?” “No, I haven’t read any of Shakespeare’s plays.”
How many times have you been to the United States?
Susan really loves that movie. She’s seen it eight times.
Carlos has lived in Argentina all his life. (or Carlos has always lived in Argentina.) We often use ever and never with the present perfect:
Have you ever eaten caviar?
We have never had a car. We often use the present perfect after a superlative (see Unit 100d):
What a boring movie! It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen.
b. You have to use the present perfect with This is the first time …, It’s the first time …, etc.
Study this example situation:
Ron is driving a car. He is very nervous and unsure because it’s his first time behind the wheel of the car. You can say:
This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
or: He has never driven a car before.
Here are some more examples:
Kathy has lost her passport again. It’s the second time she has lost it.
Is this the first time you’ve been in the hospital?
c. Use the present perfect to say that you have never done something or that you haven’t done something during a period of time that continues up to the present:
I have never smoked.
I haven’t smoked for three years. (not I don’t smoke for…)
I haven’t smoked since September. (not I don’t smoke since…)
Jill hasn’t written to me for nearly a month.
Jill has never driven a car.
For the difference between for and since see Unit 19b
UNIT 14 Exercises 14.1 You are asking someone about things she has done in her life. Use the words in parentheses (…) to make your questions.
Example: (you ever/be/to China?) Have you ever been to China?
1. (you ever/be/to South America?) ______________________?
2. (you/read/any English novels?) ________________________?
3. (you/live/in this town all your life?) _____________________?
4. (how many times/you/be/in love?) _______________________?
5. (what’s the most beautiful country you/ever/visit?) _________________________________?
6. (you ever/speak/to a famous person?) ______________________________?
14.2 Complete the answers to these questions. Use the verb in parentheses.(括号）
Example: Is it a beautiful painting? (see) Yes, it’s the most beautiful paining I’ve ever seen.
1. Is it a good movie? (see) Yes, it’s the best ______________________?
2. Is it a long book? (read) Yes, it’s the _______________________?
3. Is she an interesting person? (meet) Yes, she’s the most _______________________?
14.3 Write questions and answers as shown in the example.
Example: Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do.
You ask: Is this the first time you’ve driving a car?
Jack : Yes, I’ve never driven a car before.
1. Len is playing tennis. He’s not very good and doesn’t know the rules.
You ask: Is this the first time _________________
Len : Yes. I’ve __________________________________
2. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable.
You ask: _______________________
Sue: _______________________
3. Marie is in Canada. She’s just arrived and it’s very new to her.
You ask: ________________________________
Maria: _____________________________________
14.4 Answer these questions using the words in parentheses.
Example: When did you last smoke? (for two years) I haven’t smoked for two years.
1. When did it last rain? (for ages) It ___________________ for ages.
2. When did they last visit you? (since June) They ______________________.
3. When did you last play tennis? (for a long time) ________________________.
4. When did you last eat caviar?鱼子酱 (never) ____________________________.
5. When did you last drive? (for six months) _____________________________.
6. When did you last go to Puerto Rico? (never) ___________________________.
7. When did she last write to you? (since last summer) ___________________________.作者: smallmoon 时间: 13-7-2009 06:53
UNIT 15 Present perfect (I have done) (3) a. Study this example:
Tom: Have you heard from George?
Ann: No, he hasn’t written to me lately. We use the present perfect when we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present. Tom and Ann are talking about the period between a short time ago and now. So they say: “have you heard” and “he hasn’t written.”
Here are some more examples:
Have you seen my umbrella? I can’t find it anywhere.
Everything is going fine. We haven’t had any problem so far.
We’ve met a lot of interesting people in the last few days.
Fred has been sick a lot in the past few years, hasn’t he?
I haven’t seen Maria recently. Have you?
For sentences with for and since see Unit 18.
b. We often use present perfect with yet (see also Unit 103). Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in question and negative sentences:
Has it stopped raining yet?
I haven’t told them about the accident yet. You can also use yet with the simple past:
Did it stop raining yet?
I didn’t tell them yet.
(See also Unit 20)
c. We use present perfect with this morning/this evening/today/this week/this semester, etc. (when these period are not finished at the time of speaking):
I’ve had five cups of coffee today. (Perhaps I’ll have more before the day is over.)
Has Ann had a vacation this year?
I haven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you?
Liz hasn’t studied very much this semester.
Bill is calling his girlfriend again. That’s the third time he’s called her this evening.
d. We also use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) when we talk about a period of time continuing up to the present:
I haven’t been feeling very well lately.
For the present perfect continuous see Units 16 – 18.
For the present perfect and simple past see Units 19 – 20
UNIT 15 Exercises 15.1 Make question with the words given.
Example: (you/hear/from George recently?) Have you heard from George recently?
1. (you/read/a newspaper lately?) __________________
2. (you/see/Lisa in the past few days?) ___________________
3. (you/play/tennis lately?) ______________________
4. (you/eat/anything today?) ______________________
5. (you/see/any good movies lately?) ______________________
6. (you/take/your vacation yet?) ______________________
15.2 Answer the questions in the way shown. Use yet.
Example: Have you seen the new film at the local cinema?
I haven’t seen it yet, but I’m going to see it.
1. Have you eaten at the new Japanese restaurant?
I ______________yet, but I’m ______________________
2. Have you bought a car?
I______________________, but I ______________________
3. Has Jerry asked Diana to marry him?
He ______________________
15.3 Complete the sentence. Use so far.
Examples: I saw Tom yesterday, but I haven’t seen him so far today.
It rained a lot last week, but it hasn’t rained much so far this week.
1. We ate a lot yesterday, but we ______________________ much so far today.
2. It snowed a lot last winter, but it ______________________ so far this winter.
3. I played tennis a lot last year, but ______________________ this year.
4. She worked hard last semester, but ______________________ this semester.’
5. I watched television last night, but ______________________ tonight.
6. My favorite basketball team won a lot of games last season, but they _____________ many games so far this season.
15.4 Read the situation and then finish the last sentence.
Example: Ron is calling Jill again. He has already called her twice this evening.
It’s the third time he has called her this evening.
1. You’re late again. You’ve already been late once this week.
It’s the second ______________________ this week.
2. The car has broken down. It has already broken down twice this month.
It’s the ______________________.
3. Ann has just finished drinking a cup of tea. She has already had four cups this morning.
It’s the fifth ______________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 14-7-2009 08:44
Unit 16 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
a. Study this example situation: Is it raining?
No, it isn’t, but the ground is wet.
It has been raining.
This is the present perfect continuous tense:
I/we/they/you have (= I’ve, etc.)
been doing
He/she/it has (= he’s, etc.) We use the present perfect continuous when we talk about an action that began in the past and has recently stopped or just stopped. Here are some examples:
You’re out of breath. Have you been running?
Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
I’ve been talking to Tom about your problem, and he thinks…
b. We also use the present perfect continuous to ask or say how long something has been happening. This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening or has just stopped. Study this example:
It is raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and it is still raining.
It has been raining for two hours.
We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for, and since.
Here are some more examples:
How long have you been studying English?
They’ve been waiting here for over an hour.
I’ve been watching television since 2:00.
George hasn’t been feeling very well lately.
Have you been working hard today? You can also use the present perfect continuous (with how long, for, and since) for actions repeated over a period of time:
She has been playing tennis she was eight.
How long have you been smoking?
For more information about the present perfect + since/for, see Units 18—19. For the difference between the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous, see Units 17—18.
UNIT 16 Exercises 16.1 Read the situation and then write a sentence with the present perfect continuous (I have been doing).
Example: Carlos is out of breath. (he/run) He has been running.
1. Jane is very tired. (she/work/hard) __________________________.
2. Bob has a black eye, and Bill has a cut lip. (Bob and Bill/fight) __________________________
3. George has just come back from the beach. He is very red. (he/lie/in the sun). ______________
4. Janet is hot and tired. (she/play/tennis) __________________________
16.2 Ask a question for each situation.
Example: Your friend’s hands are covered with grease. (you/work/on the car?)
Have you been working on the car?
1. You see a little boy. His eyes are red and watery. (you/cry?) __________________________
2. You have just arrived to meet your friend, who is waiting for you. (you/wait/long?) ________
3. Your friend comes in. Her face and hands are very dirty. (what/you/do?) ________________
16.3 Say how long something has been happening.
Example: It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago.
It has been raining for two hours.
1. Kevin is studying. He began studying three hours ago.
He __________________________ for three hours.
2. I’m learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December.
I __________________________ since December.
3. Ann is looking for a job. She began looking six months ago.
__________________________ for six months.
4. Mary is working in Toronto. She started working there on January 18th.
__________________________ since January 18th.
5. Mark smokes. He started smoking five years ago.
__________________________ for five years.
16.4 Ask questions with how long.
Example: It is raining. How long has it been raining?
1. Sue is reading War and Peace. How long __________________________
2. Mike plays chess. __________________________
3. Jim sells washing machines. __________________________
4. Linda is living on Min Street. __________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 15-7-2009 13:18
UNIT 17 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) or present perfect simple (I have done)? a. Study these example situations:
Ann’s clothes are covered in paint.
She has been painting the ceiling.
Has been painting is the present perfect continuous tense. We are interested in the action. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In the example, the action has not been finished.
The ceiling was white. Now it’s blue.
She has painted the ceiling.
Has painted is the present perfect simple tense.
This time, the important thing is that something has been finished. We are interested in the result of the action, not in the action itself.
Here are some pairs of examples:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been fixing the car.
You’ve been smoking too much lately. You should smoke less.
The car is working again now. Tom has fixed it.
Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.
b. We use the continuous form to say how long something has been happening:
Ann has been writing letters all day.
How long have you been reading that book?
Jim has been playing tennis since 2:00.
We use the simple form to say how much we have done, how many things we have done, or how many times we have done something: Ann has written ten letters today.
How many pages of that book have you read?
Jim has played tennis three times this week.
See Unit 18 for more information about the present perfect and how long?
c. Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, for example know. You have to say have known (not have been knowing). For a list of these verbs see Unit 3b.
UNIT 17 Exercises 17.1 Read the situation and then write two sentences, one with the present perfect simple (I have done) and one with the present perfect continuous (I have been doing).
Example: Tom is reading a book. He started two hours ago, and he is on page 53.
(he/read/for two hours) He has been reading for two hours.
(he/read/53 pages so far) He has read 53 pages so far.
1. Linda is from Canada. Now she is traveling around Europe. She began her trip three months ago.
(she/travel/around Europe for three months) __________________________
(she/visit/six countries so far) __________________________
2. Sue is a tennis champion. She began playing tennis when she was 11 years old. Now she has just won the national championship for the fourth time.
(she/play/tennis since she was 11) __________________________
(she/win/the national championship four times) __________________________
3. Bill and Andy make films. They started making films together when they left college.
(they/make/films since they left college) __________________________
(they/make/ten films since they left college) __________________________
17.2 Imagine that you are talking to a friend. Read the situation and ask a question beginning in the way shown.
Example: Your friend is studying Arabic. How long have you been studying Arabic?
1. Your friend is waiting for you. How long __________________________
2. Your friend writes books. How many books __________________________
3. Your friend writes books. How long __________________________
4. Your friend is fishing by the river. How many fish __________________________
17.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect simple (I have done) or continuous (I have been doing).
Examples: I have lost (lost) my key. Can you help me look for it?
You look tired. Have you been working (you/work) too hard?
1. Look! Somebody __________________________ (break) that window.
2. I __________________ (read) the book you gave me, but I _______________ (not/finish) it yet.
3. “Sorry I’m late.” “That’s all right. I ____________________ (not/wait) long.”
4. Hello! I __________________________ (clean) five of them and there are two more to do.
5. There’s strange smell in here. __________________________ (you/cook) something?
6. My brother is an actor. He __________________________ (appear) in several movies.作者: smallmoon 时间: 15-7-2009 13:21
请DX们请教，下面的答案我做得对不对。
17.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect simple (I have done) or continuous (I have been doing).
Examples: I have lost (lost) my key. Can you help me look for it?
You look tired. Have you been working (you/work) too hard?
1. Look! Somebody _____________________has borken_____ (break) that window.
2. I ____________have read______ (read) the book you gave me, but I _____________have not finished__ (not/finish) it yet.
3. “Sorry I’m late.” “That’s all right. I _______has been waitting_____________ (not/wait) long.”
4. Hello! I ____________________have cleaned______ (clean) five of them and there are two more to do.
5. There’s strange smell in here. __Have you cooked________________________ (you/cook) something?
6. My brother is an actor. He ________________has been appearing__________ (appear) in several movies.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 15-7-2009 13:22 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 16-7-2009 09:02
UNIT 18 Present perfect (I have done/I have been doing) with how long, for, since a. Study this example situation:
Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years. We use the present perfect to say how long something has existed or how long something has been happening.
How long have they been married?
They are married.
They have been married for 20 years.
b. We use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) to say how long something has been happening. Note that the action is still happening now.
I’ve been studying English for a long time?
Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
It’s been raining since I got up this morning. Sometime the action is a repeated action (see also Unit 16b):
Liz has been driving for ten years.
How long have you been smoking?
The continuous (I have been doing) or the simple (I have done) can be used for actions repeated over a long period:
I’ve been collecting/ I’ve collected stamps since I was a child.
c. We use the simple (I have done) for situations that exist for a long time (especially if we say always). Note that the situation still exists now.
My father has always worked hard. (not has always been working) We use the continuous for situation over a shorter time. Compare:
John has been living in Caracas since January.
John has always lived in Caracas.
d. Some verbs (for example be, have, know) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 3b for a list and Unit 23 for have): How long have Bob and Alice been married?
Sue has had s cold for the past week. (not has been having)
Bill and I have known each other since high school.
e. Do not use the simple present (I do) or present continuous (I am doing) to say how long something has been happening:
I’ve been waiting here for an hour. (not I am waiting)
How long have you known Jane? (not do you know)
UNIT 18 Exercises 18.1 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
Examples: How long have Bob and Alice been married? Right
I know Bob for five years. Wrong – have known
1. Sue and Alan are married since July. _________________
2. It is raining all day. _________________
3. How long has George been unemployed? _________________
4. Have you always been living in this house? _________________
5. How long does Ken have a beard? _________________
6. How long do you know Ann? _________________
7. She has been sick for a long time. _________________
18.2 Write question with how long?
Examples: Jim is studying Chinese. How long has he been studying Chinese?
I know Bob? How long have you known Bob?
1. My sister is married. How long ___________________________
2. Carol is on vacation. How long ___________________________
3. I live in Australia. ___________________________
4. It is snowing. ___________________________
5. Jack smokes. ___________________________
6. I know about her problem. ___________________________
7. Robert and Jill are looking for an apartment. ___________________________
8. Diana teaches English in Brazil. ___________________________
9. Dennis is in love with Liz. ___________________________
10. John has a car. ___________________________
18.3 Read a sentence and then write another sentence with since or for.
Example: I know Bob. (for five year) I have known Bob for five years.
1. Jack lives in Chicago. (since he was born) Jack ___________________________
2. Mary is unemployed. (since April) Mary ___________________________
3. Ann has a bad cold. (for the last few days) ___________________________
4. I want to go to the moon. (since I was a child) ___________________________
5. My brother is studying languages in college. (for two years) ___________________________
6. Tim and Jane are working in Peru. (since February) ___________________________
7. My cousin is in the army. (since he was 18) ___________________________
8. They are waiting for us. (for half an hour) ___________________________
这课的练习我有点迷糊，等会写出我的答案与大家探讨。作者: smallmoon 时间: 17-7-2009 11:34
18.1 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
Examples: How long have Bob and Alice been married? Right
I know Bob for five years. Wrong – have known
1. Sue and Alan are married since July. ____have married_____________
2. It is raining all day. ________has been raining_________
3. How long has George been unemployed? _________________
4. Have you always been living in this house? ___________?? not sure---- have lived______
5. How long does Ken have a beard? ___________has ken______
6. How long do you know Ann? _________have you known________
7. She has been sick for a long time. _________________
18.2 Write question with how long?
Examples: Jim is studying Chinese. How long has he been studying Chinese?
I know Bob? How long have you known Bob?
1. My sister is married. How long _____________has she been married______________
2. Carol is on vacation. How long ________has he on vacation___________________
3. I live in Australia. __________how long have you lived in _________________
4. It is snowing. _______________how long has it been snowing____________
5. Jack smokes. _________________how long has he smoked__________
6. I know about her problem. ________ how long have you known her problem___________________
7. Robert and Jill are looking for an apartment. _____how long have they been looking for ______________________
8. Diana teaches English in Brazil. ____________how long has diana _______________
9. Dennis is in love with Liz. _______how long has dennis loved____________________
10. John has a car. _____how long has john had a car______________________
18.3 Read a sentence and then write another sentence with since or for.
Example: I know Bob. (for five year) I have known Bob for five years.
1. Jack lives in Chicago. (since he was born) Jack ____have lived_______________________
2. Mary is unemployed. (since April) Mary ____has been unemploying_______________________
3. Ann has a bad cold. (for the last few days) _____has had______________________
4. I want to go to the moon. (since I was a child) ________________has wanted__________
5. My brother is studying languages in college. (for two years) ________have been studying___________________
6. Tim and Jane are working in Peru. (since February) ______________have been working_____________
7. My cousin is in the army. (since he was 18) ______________has _ been in the army____________
8. They are waiting for us. (for half an hour) __________have been waiting_________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 17-7-2009 11:41
UNIT 19 Present perfect with how long; simple past with when; since and for a. Use the simple past (I did) to ask or say when something happened: A: When did it start raining?
B: It started raining at one o’clock/ an hour ago.
A: When did Joe and Carol first meet?
B: They first met when they were in college/ a long time ago. Use the present perfect (I have done/ I have been doing) to ask or say how long something has been happening (up to the present):
A: How long has it been raining?
B: It’s been raining since one o’clock/ for an hour.
A: How long have Joe and Carol known each other?
B: They’ve known each other since they were in college/ for a long time.
b. Since and for We use both since and for to say how long something has been happening:
I’ve been waiting for you since 8 o’clock.
I’ve been waiting for you for two hours. We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o’clock). We use for when we say the period of time (two hours).
since for
8 o’clock Monday
May 12 April
1977 Christmas
lunchtime we arrived
two hours ten minutes
three days six months
a week five days
a long time ages
She’s been working here since April. (= from April until now)
She’s been working here for six months. (not since six months)
I haven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)
I haven’t seen Tom for three days. (not since three days) We do not use for in expressions with all (all day/all morning/all week/all my life, etc.):
I’ve lived here all my life. (not for all my life)
c. Note the structure How long has it been since …?:
A: How long has it been since you had a vacation?
B: It’s been (= it has been) two years since I had a vacation. (= I haven’t had a vacation for two years.)
It’s been ages since Aunt Helen visited us. (= She hasn’t visited us for ages.)
UNIT 19 Exercises
19.1 Write questions with how long and when.
Example: It is raining. (how long/it/rain?) How long has it been raining?
(when/it/start/raining?) When did it start raining?
1. Ann is studying Italian.
(How long/she/study/Italian?) __________________________
(when/she/begin/studying Italian?) __________________________
2. I know Tom.
(how long/you/know/Tom?) __________________________
(when/you/first/meet/Tom?) __________________________
3. Glen and Mary are married.
(how long/they/be/married?) __________________________
(when/they/get/married?) __________________________
19.2 Put in since or for
Example: Tom and I have known each other for six months.
1. It’s been raining _____ I got up this morning.
2. Randy’s father has been a policeman _____ 20 years.
3. Have you been studying English _____ a long time?
4. _____ Christmas, the weather has been quite mild.
5. Janet has been on vacation _____ three days.
6. That’s a very old car. I’ve had it _____ ages.
19.3 Make a new sentence beginning in the way shown.
Examples: I know Liz. I first met her six months ago. I have known her for six months
It’s been raining since 2:00. It started raining at 2:00.
1. Maria’s sick. She got sick three days ago. She has __________________________
2. We have been married for five years. We got __________________________
3. Jim has a beard. He grew it ten years ago. He has __________________________
4. She has been in France for three weeks. She went __________________________
5. He has had his new car since February. He bought __________________________
19.4 Imagine that two people are talking. Make sentences with It’s …since…
Example: A: Do you take a vacation very often? (no/five years)
B: No, it’s been five years since I took a vacation.
1. A: Do you eat in restaurants very often? (no/six months)
B: No, it __________________________
2. A: Does it snow here very often? (no/years)
B: No, __________________________
3. A: Do you go swimming very often? (no/ a long time)
B: __________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 27-7-2009 09:55 编辑 ]作者: rosanna 时间: 17-7-2009 13:39 作者: smallmoon 时间: 18-7-2009 07:22
UNIT 20 Present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did)? a. It is often possible to use the present perfect (I have done) or the simple past (I did).
I’ve lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
or I lost my key. Did you see it anywhere? But do not use the present perfect to say when something happened (for example, yesterday, two years ago, when I was a child, etc.). Use a past tense in these sentences:
I lost my key yesterday. (not have lost)
Did you see the movie on TV last night? (not have you see)
I ate a lot of candy when I was a child. (not have eaten) Use a past tense to ask when or what time something happened:
What time did they arrive? (not have they arrived)
When were you born? (not have been born)
b. Do not use the present perfect (I have done) for happenings and actions that are not connected with the present (for example, historical events):
The Chinese invented printing. (not have invented)
How many symphonies did Beethoven compose? (not has…composed)
c. Now compare these sentences:
Present perfect (I have done)
I’ve smoked 20 cigarettes today.
Today is a period of time that continues up to the present. It is not a finished time. So we use the present perfect.
Dan hasn’t been sick this year.
Have you seen Ann this morning?
(It is still morning.)
Have you seen Ann recently?
We’ve been waiting for an hour. (We are still waiting.)
Pierre has lived in Quebec for six years. (He still lives there)
I have never played golf (in my life).
The present perfect always has a connection with the present.
See Units 13-19
Simple past (I did)
I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
Yesterday is a finished time in the past. So we use the simple past.
Dan wasn’t sick last year.
Did you see Ann this morning? (It is now afternoon)
Did you see Ann last week?
We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting)
Pierre lived in Quebec for ten years. (He no longer lives there.)
I didn’t play golf when I was on vacation last summer.
The simple past tells us only about the past. See Unit 11-12
UNIT 20 Exercises
20.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
Examples: Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! Right
The Chinese have invented printing. Wrong invented
1. Who has written the play Hamlet? _____
2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. ____
3. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. _____
4. My grandparents got married in Montreal. _____
5. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity. ___
6. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865. _____
7. The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. _____
8. Jill bought a new car two weeks ago. _____
9. Have you visited many museums when you were in Paris? _____
10. When did you give up smoking? _____
11. My bicycle isn’t here. Somebody has taken it. _____
12. I haven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven’t been hungry. _____
20.2 Make sentences using the words given.
Examples: (I/smoke/ 20 cigarettes yesterday) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
(how many cigarette/you/smoke/today?) How may cigarettes have you smoked today?
1. (I/be/sick twice so far this year) I _______________________
2. (how many times/be/you/sick last year?) How many times _______________________
3. (I/not/drink/any coffee so far today) _______________________
4. (he/be/late three times this week) _______________________
5. (how many games/ the team/win/last season?) _______________________
6. (how many games/the team/win/so far this season?) _______________________
20.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did).
Example: I didn’t play (not/play) golf when I was on vacation last summer.
1. Mr. Clark ____________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
2. George lives in Athens. He ____________ (live) there all his life.
3. Bob and Alice are married. They ____________ (be) married for 20 years.
4. When we were on vacation, the weather ____________ (be) terrible.
5. The weather ____________ (be) very nice lately.
6. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I ____________ (never/meet) him.
7. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I ____________ (never/meet) him.
post my answer later and welcome to discuss作者: smallmoon 时间: 19-7-2009 07:49
UNIT 20 Exercises
20.1 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
Examples: Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! Right
The Chinese have invented printing. Wrong invented
1. Who has written the play Hamlet? ____writen_
2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. __is__
3. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. _____
4. My grandparents got married in Montreal. _____
5. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity. __developed_
6. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865. _____
7. The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. ___bought__
8. Jill bought a new car two weeks ago. _____
9. Have you visited many museums when you were in Paris? ____Did_
10. When did you give up smoking? _____
11. My bicycle isn’t here. Somebody has taken it. _____
12. I haven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven’t been hungry. __did not eat__
20.2 Make sentences using the words given.
Examples: (I/smoke/ 20 cigarettes yesterday) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday.
(how many cigarette/you/smoke/today?) How many cigarettes have you smoked today?
1. (I/be/sick twice so far this year) I _______________I have sick twiic so far this year________
2. (how many times/be/you/sick last year?) How many times ______were you sicked last year_________________
3. (I/not/drink/any coffee so far today) __________________I has not drunk coffee so far today_____
4. (he/be/late three times this week) _____He has been late three times this week__________________
5. (how many games/ the team/win/last season?) _________how many games did the team win last season______________
6. (how many games/the team/win/so far this season?) __________how many games has the team won so for this season_____________
20.3 Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did).
Example: I didn’t play (not/play) golf when I was on vacation last summer.
1. Mr. Clark ______ worked______ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.not sure about this answer, has worked or just work?
2. George lives in Athens. He ______have been (live) there all his life.
3. Bob and Alice are married. They ______have been______ (be) married for 20 years.
4. When we were on vacation, the weather ________was____ (be) terrible.
5. The weather ___________has been_ (be) very nice lately.
6. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I _________ never met___ (never/meet) him.
7. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I _____have never met_______ (never/meet) him.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 29-7-2009 09:27 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 19-7-2009 08:01
UNIT 21 Past perfect (I had done)
a. Study this example situation:
I went to a party last week. Tom went to the party too. Tom went home at 10:30. So, when I arrived at 11:00, Tom wasn’t there.
When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn’t there. He had gone home.
This is the past perfect (simple) tense:
I/he/she (etc.) had (= I’d/he’d/she’d, etc.) gone
I/he/she (etc.) hadn’t gone
had you/he/she (etc.) gone?
We form the past perfect with had + the past participle (gone/opened/written, etc.). For irregular past participles see Appendix 2. Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
I arrived at the party. We use the past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time:
When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home.
Here are some more examples:
When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my fur coat.
George didn’t want to come to the movies with us because he had already seen the film twice.
It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I had never flown before.
b. The past perfect (I had done) is the present perfect (I have done). Compare these situations:
Present
I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch.
The house is dirty. We haven’t cleaned it for weeks.
Past
I wasn’t hungry. I’d just had lunch.
The house was dirty. When hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
c. Compare the past perfect (I had done) and the simple past (I did):
“Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he had already gone home.”
but: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went home soon afterward.”
Ann wasn’t home when I called her. She was at work.
but: “Ann had just gone home when I called her. She had been at work.”
For the past perfect continuous see Unit 22.
UNIT 21 Exercises 21.1 Complete these sentences using the verbs in parentheses (…).
You went back to your home town after many years, and you found that many things were different.
Example: Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave).
1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He ______________ (go) away.
2. The local movie theater was no longer open. It ____________ (close) down.
3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He ____________ (die).
4. I didn’t recognize Mrs. Johnson. She ____________ (change) a lot.
5. Bill no longer had his car. He ____________ (self) it.
21.2 Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in parentheses.
Example: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (never/fly) had never flown before.
1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. (never/see) I ____________ before.
2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (never/be/late) She ____________
3. Jane played tennis yesterday – at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn’t very good at it because she (never/play) ____________
4. It was Carl’s first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn’t know what to do.
(never/drive) He ____________
21.3 Make sentences using the words in parentheses.
Example: I wasn’t hungry. (I/just/have/lunch) I had just had lunch.
1. Tom wasn’t home when I arrived. (he/just/go/out) ________________________
2. We arrived at the theater late. (the movie/already/begin) ________________________
3. They weren’t eating when I went to see them. (they/just/finish/their dinner) ________________________
4. I invited Ann to dinner last night, but she couldn’t come. (she/already/make plans/to do something else)
5. I was very pleased to see Diane again after such a long time. (I/not/see/her for five years)
21.4 Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect (I had done) or simple past (I did).
Examples: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he had gone (go) home.”
“Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went (go) home soon afterward.”
1. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody __________ (go) to bed.
2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I __________ (go) straight to bed.
3. Sorry I’m late. The car __________ (break) down on my way here.
4. There was a car by the side of the road. It __________ (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we __________ (stop) to see if we could help.作者: smallmoon 时间: 20-7-2009 09:02
UNIT 22 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) a. Study this example situation:
Yesterday morning I got up and looked out the window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
It wasn’t raining when I looked out the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining. That’s why the ground was wet. Had been raining is the past perfect continuous tense:
I/he/she (etc.) had (= I’d/he’d/she’d, etc.) been doing
Here are some more examples:
When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was a mess, and one had a black eye. They had been fighting.
I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day.
b. You can use the past perfect continuous to say how long something had been happening before something else happened:
The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm.
Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up.
c. The past perfect continuous (I had been doing) is the past of the present perfect continuous (I have been doing). Compare: Present
How long have you been waiting? (until now)
He’s out of breath. He has been running.
Past
How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came?
He was out of breath. He had been running.
d. Compare the past perfect continuous (I had been doing) with the past continuous (I was doing):
When I looked out the window, it had been raining. (= It wasn’t raining when I looked out; it had stopped.)
When I looked out the window, it was raining. (= Rain was falling at the time I looked out.)
e. Some verbs (for example, know) cannot be used in the continuous form. See Unit 3b for a list of these verbs.
For the past perfect simple see Unit 21
22.1 Read the situation and the write a sentence.
Example: The two boys came into the house. One had a black eye and the other had a cut lip. (they/fight) they had been fighting.
1. Tom was watching TV. He was feeling very tired.
(he/study/hard all day) He ________________________
2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But it smelled of cigarettes.
(somebody/smoke/in the room) Somebody ________________________
3. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked very red from the sun.
(she/lie/in the sun too long) ________________________
4. The two boys came into the house. They had a football, and they were both very tired.
(they/play/football) ________________________
5. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened, and she didn’t know where she was. (she/dream) ________________________
22.2 Read the situation and then write a sentence.
Example: We began playing football. After half an hour there was a terrible storm.
We had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm.
1. The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting.
The orchestra ________________________ for about ten minutes when____________________
2. I had arranged to meet Sue in a café. I arrived and began waiting. After 20 minutes I realized that I had come to the wrong café.
I ________________________when I ________________________
3. Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins went to live in the south of France. Six months later Mr. Jenkins died. They ________________________ when ________________________
22.3 Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect continuous (I had been doing) or past continuous (I was doing)
Examples: Sue was leaning against the wall, out of breath. She had been running. (run)
I tried to catch Sue but I couldn’t. She was running (run) very fast.
1. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He __________ (look) for his contact lens.
2. We __________ (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift.
3. When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table with their mouths full. They _______ (eat)
4. When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They __________ (eat).
5. When I arrived, Ann __________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed because I was late, and she __________ (wait) for a very long time.作者: smallmoon 时间: 21-7-2009 11:46
UNIT 23 Have and have got a. Have/has/had = possess, but we also use have for other things (for example, family relationships):
We have a new car.
I have a brother and two sisters.
Tom has a headache/a cold/the flu/etc.
When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. In questions use do/does/did:
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
Does Ann have a car?
Did you have a car when you lived in California? (not had you a car) In negative sentences use don’t/doesn’t/didn’t:
I don’t have any money.
Ann doesn’t have any brothers or sisters.
I wanted to call you, but I didn’t have your number. (now I hadn’t your number)
He didn’t have a watch, so he didn’t know what time it was.
b. Have got /has got You can use have got/has got rather than have/has alone::
We’ve got a new car. (= We have a new car.)
Tom has got a headache. (= Tom has a headache.)
The question and negative forms are:
Have you got a headache? (= do you have)
Has she got any brothers or sister? (= does she have)
I haven’t got any money. (= I don’t have)
Ann hasn’t got a car. (= Ann doesn’t have) But don’t use got for the past:
When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. (not she had got)
c. Have for actions
We also use have for a number of actions (especially eating and drinking):
have breakfast/lunch/dinner/a meal/a cup of coffee/a cigarette/etc.
have a good time/a nice day/etc.
have a look (at something)
have a party (= give a party)
have a baby (= give birth to a baby)
(You cannot use have got in these expressions)
I always have a big breakfast in the morning. (not have got)
Did you have a good time last night?
We’re having a party on Saturday. Would you like to come?
What time does Ann usually have lunch?
UNIT 23 Exercises
23.1 Make negative sentences with have. Some sentences are present (can’t) and some past (couldn’t).
Examples: I can’t make a phone call. (any change) I don’t have any change. (or: I haven’t got any change.)
I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses) I didn’t have my glasses.
1. I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder) I ________________________
2. We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time) We ________________________
3. He couldn’t find his way to our house. (map) ________________________
4. She can’t pay her bills. (any money) ________________________
5. I couldn’t make an omelette. (any eggs) ________________________
6. I can’t get into the house. (my key) ________________________
7. They couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera) ________________________
8. We couldn’t go out in the rain. (an umbrella) ________________________
23.2 Complete these questions with have. Some are present and some are past.
Examples: Excuse me, do you have a light, please?
Did you have a lot of friends when you lived in Greece?
1. Why are you holding your mouth like that? ________________________ a toothache?
2. _______________ enough time to answer all the questions when you took your exam last week?
3. I need a stamp for this letter. ________________________ any?
4. “It started to rain when I was walking home.” “Did it? ______________________ an umbrella?”
5. “________________________ the time, Please?” “Yes, it’s ten after seven.”
6. ________________________ your own room when you were a child?
23.3 Complete these sentences using the expressions below.
Put the verb into the correct form where necessary.
have a baby
have a look
have a cigarette
have a good time
have a good flight
have a nice lunch
have a party
have a nice day
have something to drink
1. Tom has just come back from a restaurant. You say: Hi, Tom. Did you have a nice lunch?
2. We ____________________ last week. It was great – we invited lots of people.
3. Thank you for shopping here, and ________________________!
4. Suzanne took six months off her job when she ________________________
5. Excuse me, can I ________________________ at your newspaper, please?
6. You meet Ann at the airport. She has just arrived. You say: Hello, Ann. ___________________?
7. I don’t usually smoke, but I was feeling nervous, so I ________________________.
8. If you’re thirsty, why don’t you ________________________?
9. I haven’t seen you since you came back from vacation. ________________________?作者: smallmoon 时间: 22-7-2009 16:56
UNIT 24 Used to (I used to do) a. Study this example situation:
This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago. He no longer smokes.
But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.
He used to smoke means that he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn’t smoke now. We use used to with the base form (used to do/used to smoke, etc.) to say that something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens:
I used to play tennis a lot, but now I’m too lazy.
“Do you go to the movies very often?” “Not now, but I used to.”
Sue used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away very often. We also use used to for past situations (that no longer exist):
We used to live in a small village, but now we live in Milan.
This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a movie theater.
Do you see that hill over there? There used to be a castle on that hill.
I’ve started drinking tea lately. I never used to like it before.
Ann used to have long hair, but she cut it some time age.
b. Used to + base form is always past. There is no present. You cannot say “I use to do.” For the present, use the simple present (I do). Compare the present and past:
Past he used to smoke we used to live there used to be
Present he smoke we like there is
c. The normal question form is did … use to …?:
Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child?
The negative form is didn’t use to … (or never used to)
Jim didn’t use to go out very often until he met Jill. (or never used to go out)
d. Be careful not to confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 59). The structures and meanings are different:
I used to live alone. (= I lived alone but I no longer live alone.)
I am used to living alone. (= I live alone and don’t find it strange or new because I’ve been living alone for some time.)
UNIT 24 Exercises 24.1 Complete each sentence with used to …
Example: Dennis doesn’t smoke anymore, but he used to smoke 40 cigarette a day.
1. The baby doesn’t cry so much now, but she ________________________ every night.
2. She ________________________ my best friend, but we aren’t friends anymore.
3. We live in Barcelona now, but we ________________________ in Madrid.
4. Now there’s only one café in the village, but there ________________________ three.
5. When I was a child I ________________________ ice cream, but I don’t like it now.
6. Now Tom has a car. He ________________________ a motorcycle.
24.2 Write some sentences about a man who changed his lifestyle. Ron stopped doing some things and started doing other things.
Studying had smoking
He stopped going to bed early He started staying out late
Running three miles every morning spending a lot of money
Make sentences like these:
Examples: He used to study hard.
He never used to smoke. or He didn’t use to smoke.
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
24.3 Write sentences about the present. Remember there is no present tense of used to.
Examples: Ron used to study hard, but now he doesn’t study very hard.
Ron didn’t use to smoke, but now he smokes.
1. Mark used to play tennis a lot, but now ________________________
2. Mary never used to drink coffee, but now ________________________
3. Jill didn’t use to be fat, but now ________________________
4. Jack didn’t use to go out much, but now ________________________
24.4 Ask some question. Mr. Park is an old man now. You are asking someone what he used to do when he was younger.
Example: I know he doesn’t smoke now, but did he use to smoke
1. I know he doesn’t play the piano now, but ________________________
2. I know he isn’t very rich now, but ________________________
3. I know he doesn’t go out very often these days, but ________________________
4. I know he doesn’t dance these days, but ________________________
5. I know he doesn’t have many friends now, but ______________________作者: gzrose 时间: 22-7-2009 18:22
有简单点的吗?昏作者: smallmoon 时间: 23-7-2009 12:57
UNIT 25 Can, could, and be able to a. We use can (do) to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. The negative is can’t. You can see the ocean from our bedroom window.
Can you speak any foreign languages?
I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday. Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual:
Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes you have to use be able to:
I haven’t been able to sleep recently. (can has no present perfect)
Sue might not be able to come tomorrow. (can has no infinitive)
I’m very busy today, but I should he able to meet with you tomorrow.
b. Could and was able to Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with these verbs: see hear smell taste feel remember understand
When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.
She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying. We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something:
My grandfather could speak five languages.
When Joe was 16, he could run 100 meters in 11 seconds. But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could): The fire spread through the building very quickly, but everyone was able (= managed) to escape. (not could escape)
They didn’t want to come with us at first, but finally we were able (= managed) to persuade them. (not could persuade) Compare could and was able to in this example:
Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= He had the ability to beat anybody.)
But once he had a difficult game against Bob. Bob played very well, but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (= He managed to beat him in this particular game.) The negative couldn’t is possible in all situations:
My grandfather couldn’t swim.
We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us.
For can see also Unit 30. For could see also Unit 26 and 30.
UNIT 25 Exercises
25.1 Use can or be able to. Sometime it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to is possible.
Examples: George has traveled a lot. He can (or is able to) speak four languages.
I haven’t been able to sleep very well lately.
1. Tom ________________________ drive, but he doesn’t have a car.
2. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never ________________________ understand him.
3. I used to ________________________ stand on my head, but I can’t do it now.
4. Ask Ann about your problem. She should ________________________ help you.
25.2 Complete the sentence with could …
Example: I can’t sing now, but I could sing very well when I was a child.
1. He can’t play tennis very well now, but he ________________ fairly well when he was younger.
2. She can’t run very fast now, but when she was in school she __________ faster than anyone else.
3. I can’t swim very far these days, but ten years ago I ________________________ from one side of the lake to the other.
25.3 Answer the questions with was/were able to.
Example: Did you persuade them?
Yes. It was difficult, but we were able to persuade them.
1. Did they find your house?
Yes. It took them a long time, but they ________________________
2. Did you win the match?
Yes. It wasn’t easy, but I ________________________
3. Did the thief escape?
Yes. The police officer chased the thief, but he ________________________
25.4 Complete each sentence with could, was/were able to, or couldn’t.
Examples: My grandfather was very clever. He could (or was able to) speak five languages.
I looked everywhere for the book, but I couldn’t find it.
The fire spread quickly, but everyone was able to escape.
1. He had hurt his leg, so he ________________________ walk very well.
2. She wasn’t at home when I called, but I ________________________ contact her at her office.
3. I looked very carefully, and I ________________________ see a figure in the distance.
4. They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first store I went to, but I ______ get some in the next store.
5. My grandmother loved music. She ________________________ play the piano very well.
6. The boy fell into the river, but fortunately we ________________________ rescue him.作者: smallmoon 时间: 23-7-2009 13:01
我觉得并不难呀，没有什么难的单词，句子也很口语化。这是个外国人编的语法书。
每天看一点，不会累呀。觉得累就少看点。学一点是一点。加油。。。作者: smallmoon 时间: 24-7-2009 23:34
UNIT 26 Could (do) and could have (done) a. Study this example:
Dan: What do you want to do this evening?
Sue: We could go to the movies. We use could (do) in a number of ways. Sometimes it is past of can (do) (see Unit25), but sometimes it has a present of future meaning.
For example, we sometimes use could to talk about possible future actions, especially when we make suggestions:
“When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda.”
Can is also possible in these sentences. (“We can go to the movies”) Could is more unsure than can.
We also use could to talk about possible future happenings:
There could be another rise in the price of gas soon. (= It is possible that there will be.)
Sometimes could means would be able to:
Why doesn’t Tom apply for the job? He could get it.
I don’t know how she works 14 hours a day. I couldn’t do it.
b. The past of could (do) is could have (done). We use could have (done) to say that we had the ability or the opportunity to do something but did not do it
We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the movies, but we decided to stay home.(我觉得应该是stay at home,not sure) (We had the opportunity to go out, but we didn’t.)
Why did you stay at a hotel in New York? You could have stayed with Linda. (You had the opportunity to stay with her you didn’t.)
Why didn’t Tom apply for the job? He could have gotten it. (He had the ability to get it.)
c. Here are some examples of couldn’t have (done). “I couldn’t have done something” = I wouldn’t have been able to do it if I had wanted or tried to do it:
When I went to New York last year, I decided not to stay with Linda. Later I found out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t have stayed with her anyway.
The hockey game was canceled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was sick.
For could/couldn’t see also Units 25, 27b, 28c, 30.
For could in if sentences see Units 34—35 and 36c.
UNIT 26 Exercises
26.1 Make suggestions. Use could.
Example: Where should we go for our vacation? (Mexico) We could go to Mexico.
1. What should we have for dinner tonight? (fish) ________________________
2. When should we go and see Tom? (on Friday) ________________________
3. What should I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) ________________________
26.2 Use could have. Answer the questions in the way shown.
Example: “Did you go to the movies?”
“No. We could have gone to the movies, but we decided not to.”
1. He didn’t want to help us. But he ________________________
2. He doesn’t want to help us. But ________________________
3. They don’t want to lend us any money. But ________________________
4. She didn’t want to have anything to eat. ________________________
26.4 First read this information about Ken:
Ken doesn’t know any Spanish.
Ken is very rich and generous.
Ken was sick on Friday night.
Ken doesn’t know anything about machines.
Ken can’t drive.
Ken was free on Monday afternoon.
A lot of people wanted Ken of do different things last week, but they couldn’t contact him. So he didn’t do any of these things. Say whether he could have done or couldn’t have done these things (if he had known).
Example: His aunt wanted him to drive her to the station.
He couldn’t have driven her to the station (because he can’t drive).
1. Ann wanted him to come to a party on Friday night.
He ________________________ because ________________________
2. Jim wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon.
He ________________________ because ________________________
3. Sue wanted him to translate a Spanish newspaper article into English.
________________________ because ________________________
4. Jack wanted Ken to lend him $20. ________________________
5. Ken’s mother wanted him to fix her washing machine.
________________________ because ________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 18-8-2009 11:14 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 25-7-2009 09:43
UNIT 27 Must (have) and can’t (have) a. Study this example situation:
Liz is a very good tennis player, and not many players beat her. But yesterday she played against Bill and bill won. So:
Bill must be a very good player (otherwise he wouldn’t have won). We use must to say we are sure that something is true:
You’ve been traveling all day. You must be tired. (= I am sure that you are tired.)
I hear that your exams are next week. You must be studying very hard right now. (= I am sure that you are studying.)
Carol knows a lot about films. She must like to go to the movies. (= I am sure she likes to go to the movies.) We use can’t to say that we think something is impossible:
You’ve just had dinner. You can’t be hungry already. (= It is impossible that you are hungry.)
Tom said that he would be here ten minutes ago, and he is never late. He can’t be coming.
Study the structure:
I/you/he (etc.) must be tired/hungry, etc.
can’t be studying/waiting/coming, etc.
know/like, etc.
b. For the past we use must have (done) and can’t have (done). Study this example:
We went to Roy’s house last night and rang the doorbell. There was no answer.
He must be have gone out (otherwise he would have answered) .
The phone rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep.
I made a lot of noise when I came home. You must have heard me.
She passed me on the street without speaking. She can’t have seen me.
Tom walked into the wall. He can’t have been looking where he was going.
Study the structure:
I/you/he (etc.) must been asleep/tired, etc.
can’t have been looking/waiting, etc.
gone/done/seen/heard, etc.
“Couldn’t have (done)” is possible instead of “can’t have (done)”:
She couldn’t have seen me.
He couldn’t have been looking where he was going.
For other meaning of must and can’t see Unit 25 and 31.
UNIT 27 Exercises
27.1 Complete these sentences using must (have)… couldn’t (have) … or can’t (have)…
Examples: “Is he American?” “Yes, he must be American.”
“Did she see you?” “No, she can’t have seen me.”
1. “Are they married?” “Yes, they must ________________________”
2. “Is he serious?” “No, he can’t ________________________”
3. “Were they in a hurry?” “Yes, they ________________________”
4. “Does Ann know about the plan?” “Yes, he ________________________”
5. “Did Tom know about the plan?” “Yes, he _______________________”
6. “Do they have much money?” “No, they ________________________”
7. “Was she driving carefully?” “No, she ________________________”
8. “Are they waiting for somebody?” “Yes, they ________________________”
27.2 Complete these sentences with must or can’t + an appropriate verb.
Example: You’ve been traveling all day. You must be very tired.
1. Brian has three houses, six cars, a yacht, and a helicopter. He _________ a lot of money.
2. (The doorbell rings.) I wonder who that is. It _________ Jim. He said he would come after 7:00 and it’s only 6:30 now.
3. I wonder why Sue isn’t at work today. She _________ sick.
4. John seems to know a lot about history. He _________ a lot of books.
5. Jane’s putting on her hat and coat. She _________ out.
27.3 Read each situation and write a sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in parentheses .
Example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must/be/asleep)
I must have been asleep.
1. That dress you bought is very good quality. (it must/be/very expensive)
It must ________________________
2. I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (he must/go/away) He __________________have been away? right?______
3. I wonder where my umbrella is. (you must/leave/it on the bus) ________________________
4. Don passed the exam. He didn’t study very much for it. (the exam can’t/be/very difficult) ________________________
5. She knew everything about our plans. (she must/listen/to our conversation)
________________________
6. Dennis did the opposite of what I asked him to do. (he can’t/understand/what I said)
________________________
7. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must/forget/to turn it off)
________________________
8. I don’t understand how the accident happened. (the driver can’t/see/the red light)
________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 26-7-2009 23:11
UNIT 28 May (have) and might (have) a. Study this example situation:
You are looking for Jack. Nobody knows for sure where he is, but you get some suggestions:
He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is in his office)
He might be having lunch. (= perhaps he is having lunch)
Ask Ann. She might know. (= perhaps Ann knows) We use may or might to say that something is possible. You can say:
He may be in his office. or He might be in his office.
The negative is may not and might not:
Jack might not be in his office. (= perhaps he isn’t in his office)
I am not sure whether I can lend you any money. I may not have enough. (= perhaps I don’t have enough)
Study the structure:
I/you/he (etc.) may be in his office
might (not) be having/waiting, etc.
know/have/do, etc.
b. To say what was possible in the past, we use may have (done) and might have (done):
A: I wonder why Ann didn’t answer the doorbell.
B: Well, I suppose she may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep)
A: Why didn’t he say hello when he passed us on the street?
B: He might have been daydreaming. (= perhaps he was daydreaming)
A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.
B: You might have left it in the store. (= perhaps you left it)
A: I wonder why Jill didn’t come to the meeting.
B: She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know)
Study the structure:
I/you/he (etc.) may been asleep
might (not) been daydreaming/waitinig, etc.
known/left/had, etc.
c. You can use could instead of may or might. But with could the possibility is smaller:
“Where’s Jack?” “I’m not sure. He could be in his office, I suppose, but he’s not usually there at this time.”
For may and might see also Units 29 and 30.
UNIT 28 Exercises
28.1 Make sentences with may or might. The first four sentences are present.
Examples: “Do you know if Jack is in his office?” “I’m not sure. He may be in his office.”
“Do you know if Joan likes ice cream?” “I’m not sure. She might like ice cream.”
1. “Do you know if they are married?” “I’m not sure. They _______________”
2. “Do you know if she wants to go?” “I’m not sure. _______________”
3. “Do you know if he’s telling the truth?” “I’m _______________”
4. “Do you know if he has a car?” “I _______________”
The next three sentences are past.
Examples: “Do you know if he was serious?” “I’m not sure. He might have been serious.”
“Do you know if they were looking?” “I’m not sure. They may have been looking.”
5. “Do you know if she was sick?” “I’m not sure. She _______________”
6. “Do you know if she told anybody?” “I _______________”
7. “Do you know if they were listening?” “_______________”
Use may not or might not.
Example: “Is Jack in his office?” “I’m not sure. He might not be in his office.”
8. “Does she want to go?” “_______________”
9. “Is he telling the truth?” “_______________”
10. “Are they ready?” “_______________”
28.2 Write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in parentheses (…) to make your sentences.
Example: I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
a) (he might/go/shopping) He might have gone shopping.
b) (he could/play/tennis) He could be playing tennis.
1. Look! Sue’s going out. I wonder where she’s going.
a) (she may/go/to the theater) _______________
b) (she could/go/to a party) _______________
2. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in the house at the time.
a) (he may/go/to bed early) _______________
b) (he might not/hear/the bell) _______________
3. How do you think the fire started?
a) (someone may/drop/a cigarette) _______________
b) (it could/be/a short circuit) _______________
4. I wonder where Liz was going when you saw her.
a) (she might/go/to work) _______________
b) (she may/go/shopping) _______________
5. George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.
a) (he might/have/to go somewhere else) _______________
b) (he may not/know/about it) _______________作者: smallmoon 时间: 27-7-2009 10:03
UNIT 29 May and might (future) a. We use may or might to talk about possible happenings or possible actions in the future.
Study these examples:
I’m not sure where to go on my vacation, but I may go to Puerto Rico. (= perhaps I will go)
The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this afternoon. (= perhaps it will rain)
I can’t help you. Why don’t you ask Tom? He might be able to help you. (= perhaps he will be able to help) The negative form is may not or might not:
Ann may not come to the party tonight. She isn’t feeling well. (= perhaps she won’t come)
There might not be a meeting on Friday because the director is sick. (= perhaps there won’t be a meeting) It doesn’t matter whether you use may or might. You can say:
I may go to Italy. or I might go to Italy.
b. There is also a continuous form: may/might be doing.
Compare this with will be doing (see Unit 10a,b):
Don’t call at 8:30. I’ll be watching the football game on TV.
Don’t call at 8:30. I may (or might) be watching the football game on TV. (perhaps I’ll be in the middle of watching it) You can also use the continuous (may/might be doing) when you are talking about possible plans.
Compare:
I’m going to Puerto Rico in July. (for sue)
I may (or might) be going to Puerto Rico in July. (it’s possible)3
But you can also say: I may/might go to Puerto Rico in July.
c. May as well, might as well
Study this example:
A: What do you want to do this evening?
B: I don’t know. Any ideas?
A: Well, there’s a movie on television. It sounds interesting.
B: We might as well watch it. There’s nothing else to do. We use may/might as well to say that we should do something, but only because there is no reason not to do it and because there is nothing better to do. We might as well watch it means, “Why not watch it? There’s nothing better to do.”
You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk.
We may as well go to the party. We have nothing else to do.
“Should we have dinner now?” “We might as well.
For may and might see also Unit 28 and 34c. For may only, see Unit 30.
UNIT 29 Exercises 29.1 Talk about future plans. You are not sure what is going to happen.
Use may or might.
Example: Where are you going on your vacation? (to Brazil???)
I haven’t decided yet, but I may (or might) go to Brazil.
1. What kind of car are you going to buy? (a Toyota???)
I’m not sure yet, but I ________________________
2. What are you doing this weekend? (go skiing???)
I don’t know for sure, but ________________________
3. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining doom???)
I haven’t made up my mind yet, but ________________________
4. When is Tom coming to see us? (tomorrow evening???)
I’m not sure, but ________________________
5. What’s Jill going to do when she graduates? (go to a business college???)
She hasn’t decided yet, but ________________________
29.2 Talk about possible happenings. Use the word(s) in parentheses (…).
Examples: Do you think it will rain this afternoon? (may) It may rain this afternoon.
Do you think Ann will come to the party? (might not)
She might not come to the party.
1. Do you think Bob will be late? (may) He ________________________
2. Do you think Amy will be able to find our house? (might not) She ________________________
3. Do you think there’ll be a rainstorm tonight? (might) There ________________________
4. Do you think Tony will pass the exam? (may not) ________________________
5. Do you think they’ll be waiting for us when we arrive? (might) ________________________
6. Do you think it’ll snow later? (may) ________________________
29.3 Read these situations and make sentences with may/might as well.
Example: A friend has invited you to a party. You’re not very excited about going, but there isn’t anything else to do. So you think you should go.
You say: I might as well go. There isn’t anything else to do.
1. You’re in a coffee shop with a friend. You’ve just finished you coffee. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another cup.
You say: We ________________________. Are you ready for one?
2. Someone has given you a free ticket to a concert. You’re not very interested in the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket.
You say: I ________________________. It’s a shame to waste a free ticket.
3. You invited some friends to dinner, but they haven’t come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them.
You say: We ________________________. I don’t think they are coming.作者: smallmoon 时间: 28-7-2009 10:50
UNIT 30 Can, could, may and would: requests, permission, offers, and invitations a. Asking people to do things (requests)
We often use can or could when we ask someone to do something:
Can you wait a moment, please?
Ann, can you do me a favor?
Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the bus station?
Do you like you could lend me some money?
I wonder if you could help me. We also use would to ask someone to do something:
Ann, would you do me a favor?
Would you wait here, please?
b. To ask for something you can say Can I have …? / Could I have …? / May I have …?:
(in a gift shop) Can I have these postcards, please?
(at the dinner table) Could I have the salt, please?
c. Asking for and giving permission
We often use can, could, or may to ask permission to do something:
(on the telephone) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please?
“Could I use your telephone?” “Yes, of course.”
“Do you think I could borrow your bicycle?” “Yes, help yourself,”
“May I come in?” “Yes, please do.” To give permission, we use can or may (but not could):
You can (or may) smoke if you like.
d. We sometimes use can or may when we offer to do things. (May is more formal.) :
“Can I get you a cup of coffee?” “That’s very nice of you.”
(in a store) “May I help you, ma’am” “No thank you. I’m being helped.”
e. For offering and inviting we use Would you like …? (not do you like):
Would you like a cup of coffee? (not do you like)
Would you like to go to the movies with us tomorrow evening? (not do you like to come) I’d like (= I would like) is a polite way of saying what you want or what you want to do:
I’d like some information about hotels, please.
I’d like to try on this jacket, please.
UNIT 30 Exercises
30.1 Read the situation and write what you would say. Use the words given in parentheses (…).
Example: You’ve got a $20 bill, and you need some change. You ask somebody to help you.
(Can you …?) Can you change a $20 bill?
1. You want to borrow you friend’s camera. What do you say to him/her? (Could I …?)
________________________________________________
2. You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say? (Can I …?)
________________________________________________
3. You have to go to the airport, but you don’t know how to get there. You ask a passerby.
(Could you …?) ________________________________________________
4. You are telephoning the owner of an apartment that was advertised in newspaper. You are interested in the apartment, and you want to stop by and see it today. (Do you think I …?)
________________________________________________
5. You are at a meeting with your boss. You want smoke a cigarette. What do you ask first?
(May I …?)
6. You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? (Do you think I …?) ________________________________________________
7. You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend. (Would you like …?)3
________________________________________________
8. The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? (Do you think you …?)
30.2 Decide how to say what you want to say.
Examples: You have to carry some heavy boxes upstairs. Ask someone to help you.
Do you think you could give me a hand with these boxes?
A friend has just come to see you in your apartment. Offer him some coffee or tea.
Can I get you some coffee or tea?
1. You want your friend to show you how to change the film in your camera. What do you say to him/her? ________________________________________________
2. You’re on a train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper. Now you want to look at it. What do you say? _______________________________________________
3. You need a match to light your cigarette. You don’t have any, but the man sitting next to you has some. What do you ask him? ________________________________________________
4. There is a concert tonight and you are going with some friend. You think Mary would enjoy it too. Inviter her. ________________________________________________
5. You’re in the post office. You want three airmail stamps. What do you say?
________________________________________________
6. You are sitting on a crowded bus. There is an old lady standing. Offer her you seat.
________________________________________________
7. You are having a party next Saturday. Invite your friend Tim.
________________________________________________作者: naughtybaby 时间: 28-7-2009 11:03
有空就来顶一下贴，坚持！作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-7-2009 09:20
UNIT 31 Have to and must a. We use have to (do) and must (do) to say that it is necessary to do something:
Oh, it’s later than I thought. I have to go now.
must
You have to have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
Must There is sometimes a difference between must and have to. With must the speaker is expressing personal feelings, saying what he or she thinks is necessary:
I must write to Ann. I haven’t written to her for ages. (= The speaker personally feels that he or she must write to Ann.)
The government really must do something about unemployment. (= The speaker personally feels that the government must do something.) With have to the speaker is not expressing feelings. The speaker is just giving facts.
For example:
Karen’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.
I can’t meet you on Friday. I have to work.
b. You use must to talk only about the present and future:
We must go now.
Must you leave tomorrow? Have to can be used in all forms. For example:
I had to go to the hospital. (past)
I might have to go to the hospital. (base form)
Have you ever had to go to the hospital? (present perfect) Note that we use do/does/did with have to in question and negative sentences:
What do I have to do to get a driver’s license? (not “have I to do”)
Why did you have to go to the hospital? (not “had you to go”)
Tom doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. (not “hasn’t to work”)
c. Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different. “You mustn’t do something” means “it is necessary that you do not do it”:
You mustn’t tell anyone what I said. (= Don’t tell anyone.)
I promised I’d be on time. I mustn’t be late. (= I must be on time.)
“You don’t have to do something” means “it is not necessary to do it; you don’t need to do it:”
I don’t have to wear a suit to work, but I usually do.
She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t have to go to work.
d. You can use “have got to” instead of “have to.” So you can say:
I’ve got to work tomorrow. or I have to work tomorrow.
UNIT 31 Exercises 31.1 Complete these sentences with must or have to (in its correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.
Examples: Well, it’s 10:00. I must (or have to) go now.
Ann wasn’t feeling well last night. She had to leave the party early.
1. You really _______________ work harder if you want to pass that exam.
2. Some children _______________ wear uniforms when they go to school.
3. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We _______________ call the doctor.
4. Ann has _______________ wear glasses since she was eight years old.
5. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I _______________ work late.
6. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I _______________ work late.
7. Tom may _______________ go away next week.
8. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We _______________ take it to a garage.
9. When you come to Houston again, you _______________ come and see us.
31.2 Make question with have to.
Example: “Tom had to go to the police station.”
“Why did he have to go to the police station?”
1. “Linda has to leave tomorrow.” “What time exactly ______________________________”
2. “We had to answer a lot of questions on the exam.” “How many questions ________________”
3. “George had to pay a parking fine.” “How much ______________________________”
4. “I have get up early tomorrow.” “Why ______________________________”
31.3 Make negative sentences with have to.
Example: “Did they changes planes?”
“No, it was a direct flight, so they didn’t have to change planes.”
1. “Did you pay to get into the concert?” “No, we had free tickets, so we ___________________”
2. “Does Jack shave?” “No, he has a bread, so ______________________________”
3. “Did you get up early this morning?” “No, it’s my day off, so ___________________________”
4. “Do you work?” “No, I’m extremely rich, so ______________________________”
31.4 Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.
Examples: I don’t want anyone to know. You mustn’t tell any one what I said.
I don’t have to wear a suit to work, but I usually do.
1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I ______________________________ work.
2. Whatever you do, you __________________________ touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.
3. You ______________________________ forget what I told you. It’s very important.
4. She ______________________________ get up so early. She gets up early because she likes to.
5. We ______________________________ leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-7-2009 09:29
中学学的不规则过去式已经忘得差不多了，现在帖出来吧
cost（花费） cost cost
cut（割） cut cut
hit（打） hit hit
hurt 伤害） hurt hurt
let（让） let let
put（放） put put
read （读） read read
(2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形）
beat（跳动） beat beaten
(3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形）
become（变成） became become
come（来） came come
run（跑） ran run
(4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）
dig（挖） dug dug
get（得到） got got
hang（吊死） hanged hanged
hang（悬挂） hung hung
hold（抓住） held held
shine（照耀） shone shone
sit（坐） sat sat
win （赢） won won
meet（遇见） met met
keep （保持） kept kept
sleep（睡） slept slept
sweep（扫） swept swept
feel（感觉） felt felt
smell（闻） smelt smelt
leave（离开） left left
build（建设） built built
lend（借出） lent lent
send （传送) sent sent
spend（花费） spent spent
lose （丢失） lost lost
burn （燃烧） burnt burnt
learn（学习） learnt learnt
mean（意思是） meant meant
catch（抓住） caught caught
teach（教） taught taught
bring（带来） brought brought
fight （战斗） fought fought
buy（买） bought bought
think（想） thought thought
hear （听见） heard heard
sell（卖） sold sold
tell（告诉） told told
say（说） said said
find（找到） found found
have/has（有） had had
make（制造） made made
stand（站） stood stood
understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形）
begin（开始） began begun
drink（喝） drank drunk
ring（铃响） rang rung
sing （唱） sang sung
swim（游泳） swam swum
blow（吹） blew blown
draw （画） drew drawn
fly（飞） flew flown
grow（生长） grew grown
know（知道） knew known
throw（投掷） threw thrown show（出示） showed shown
break（打破） broke broken choose（选择） chose chosen
forget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak（说，讲） spoke spoken
wake（醒） woke woke
drive（驾驶） drove driven
eat（吃） ate eaten
fall（落下） fell fallen
give（给） gave given
rise（升高） rose risen
take（取） took taken
mistake（弄错） mistook mistaken
ride（骑） rode ridden
write（写） wrote written
do（做） did done
go（去） went gone
lie（平躺） lay lain
see（看见） saw seen
wear （穿） wore worn
be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were been作者: smallmoon 时间: 30-7-2009 09:07
UNIT 32 Should a. Study this example:
Tom has just come back from the movies:
Ann: Hello, Tom. Did you enjoy the movie?
Tom: Yes, it was great. You should go and see it.
Tom is advising Ann to go and see the movie. “You should go” means that it would be a good thing to do. We often use should (do) when we say what we think is a good thing to do or the right thing to do.
The government should to do something about economy.
“Should we invite Sue to the party?” “Yes, I think we should.” “You shouldn’t do something” means that it is not a good thing to do:
You’ve been coughing a lot lately. You shouldn’t smoke so much.
Tom really shouldn’t go out. He has too much homework to do. Should is not as strong as must:
You should stop smoking. (= It would be a good idea.)
You must stop smoking. (= It is necessary that you stop.)
b. We often use should when we ask for or give an opinion about something. Often we use I think/I don’t think/do you think? : I think the government should do something about the economy.
I don’t think you should work so hard.
“Do you think I should apply for this job?” “Yes, I think you should.”
c. We also use should to say something is not “right” or not what we expect:
The price on this package is wrong. It says 65¢ but it should be 50¢.
Those children shouldn’t be playing. They should be at school. d. For the past, we use should have (done) to say that someone did the right or wrong thing:
The party was great. You should have come. Why didn’t you?
I feel sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate.
She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.
e. We also use should to say that something will probably happen:
A: Do you think you’ll be home late night?
B: I don’t think so. I should be home at the usual time.
Here, “I should be home” means “I will probably be home.” You can use should to say what will probably happen.
f. You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences in this unit:
It’s really a good movie. You ought to go and see it.
She’s been studying very hard, so she ought to pass the exam.
UNIT 32 Exercises
32.1 You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn’t.
Example: Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. You should stop smoking.
1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise her to go the dentist. You ________________________.
2. You friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it. _____________________________
3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise her to learn a few words of Greek before she goes.
__________________________________________________________
32.2 This time give your opinion about something. Use I think/I don’t think …
Example: Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to accept it. I think Tom should accept the job.
1. You think it would be a good idea for all drivers to wear seat belts.
I think __________________________________________________________
2. You don’t think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married.
I __________________________________________________________
3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay home tonight. __________________________________________________________
32.3 Read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn’t (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.
Examples: The speed limit in 55 miles an hour, but Tom is doing 70. He shouldn’t be driving so fast.
When we got to the restaurant there were no empty tables. We hadn’t reserved one. We should have reserved a table.
1. It’s very cold. Mrs. Taylor, who has been sick lately, she is standing at the bus stop without a coat. She __________________________________________________________
2. We went for a walk. While we were walking we got hungry, but we hadn’t brought anything with us to eat. We said: We __________________________________________________________
3. I went to Pairs. Marcel lives in Pairs, but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I say him later, he said: You __________________________________________________________
4. The notice says that the store opens every day at 8:30. It is now 9:00, but the store isn’t open. __________________________________________________________
5. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly without warning, and I drove into the back of her car. It wasn’t my fault. __________________________________________________________
6. The children normally go to bed at 9:00. It is now 9:30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences) _______________________________________________________
7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road.作者: smallmoon 时间: 31-7-2009 10:38
UNIT 33 Subjunctive (I suggest you do) a. Study this example:
Mary said to Pete, “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?”
Mary suggested (that) Pete buy some new clothes.
The subjunctive is always the same as the base form (I buy, he buy, she buy, etc.).
I/he/she/it do/buy/be, etc.
We/you/they
b. You can use the subjunctive(虚拟语气） after these verbs:
suggest propose recommend insist demand
I suggest (that) you take a vacation
They insisted (that) we have dinner with them.
I insisted (that) he have dinner with me.
He demanded (that) she apologize to him.
The doctor recommended (that) I rest for a few days You can use the subjunctive for the present, past, or future:
I insist (that) you come with us.
They insisted (that) I go with them. Note the subjunctive be (usually passive被动):
I insisted (that) something be done about the problem.
The chairperson proposed (that) the plans be changed.
c. other structures are possible after insist and suggest:
They insisted on my having dinner with them. (see Unit 57a)
It was a beautiful evening, so I suggested going for a walk. (see Unit 51)
You cannot use the infinitive （不定式） after suggest:
She suggested that he buy some new clothes. (not suggested him to buy)
What do you suggest I do? (not suggest me to do)
d. Should is something used instead of the subjunctive.
She suggested that he should buy some new clothes.
The doctor recommended that I should rest for a few days.
UNIT 33 Exercises 33.1 Write a sentence that means the same as the first sentence. Begin in the way shown.
Example: “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?” she said to him.
She suggested that he buy some new clothes.
1. “You really must stay a little longer,” she said to me. She insisted that ____________________________
2. “Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?” I said to her. I suggested that ____________________________
3. “I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,” the doctor said to me. The doctor recommended that ____________________________
4. “You have to pay the rent by Friday at the latest,” the landlord said to the tenant. The landlord demanded ____________________________
5. “Why don’t you go away for a few days?” Jack said to me. Jack suggested that ____________________________
6. “Let’s have dinner early,” Alice said to us. Alice proposed that ____________________________
33.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb.
Examples: I suggest that you take a vacation.
I insisted that something be done about the problem.
1. Our friends recommended that we ___________ our vacation in the mountains.
2. You were not invited to the party. I demand that you ___________ the house immediately.
3. The workers as the factory are demanding that their wages ___________ increased.(is there something wrong in this sentence
4. She doesn’t use her car very often, so I suggested that she ___________ it and use the money for something else.
5. You have insulted me! I insist that you ___________
6. The local council has proposed that a new shopping center ___________ built.
7. What do you suggest I ___________ to the party? A dress?
8. I didn’t want her to come to the party, but Jack insisted that she ___________ invited.
33.3 Tom is out of shape and his friends made some suggestions:
Ann: Why don’t you give up smoking?
Sandra: How about walking to work in the morning?
Bill: Eat more fruit and vegetables.
Linda: Why don’t you try jogging?
Write sentences beginning “(Ann) suggested…” etc.
1. Ann suggested that he give up smoking.
2. Bill suggested that he _________________________________
3. Sandra suggested ________________________________
4. Linda ____________________________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-8-2009 08:35 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 1-8-2009 08:44
UNIT 34 If sentences (present/future)
a. Compare these examples:
Tom: I think I left my lighter at your house. Have you seen it?
Ann: No, but I’ll look. If find it, I’ll give it to you.
In this example there is a real possibility that Ann will find the lighter. So she says: “If I find … I’ll …” (see also Unit 9c).
When you imagine a future happening like this, you use a past tense form (did/came/found, etc.) after if. But the meaning is not past:
What would you do if you won a million dollars?
If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry.
Ann wouldn’t lend me any money if I asked her.
b. We do not normally use would in the if part of the sentence:
I’d be very frightened if someone pointed a gun at me. (not if someone would point)
If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry. (not if we wouldn’t go)
Sometimes it is possible to say if … would, especially when you ask someone to do something in a formal way:
I would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price list as soon as possible. (from a formal letter)
c. In the order part of the sentence (not the if part) we use would/wouldn’t. Would is often shortened to ’d, especially in spoken English:
If you stopped smoking, you’d probably feel healthier.
They wouldn’t come to the party if you invited them.
You can also use could and might:
They might be angry if I didn’t visit them. (= perhaps they would be)
If it stopped raining, we could go out. (= we would be able to go out)
d. Do not use when in sentences like the ones in this unit:
Tom would be angry if I didn’t visit him. (not when I didn’t visit)
What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (not when you were)
See also Unit 9c.
For if sentences see also Units 35 and 36.
UNIT 34 Exercises 34.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
Example: If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep (keep) it.
They’d be very angry if you didn’t visit (not/visit) them.
1. If the company offered me the job, I think I ________ (take) it.
2. I’m sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she ________ (refuse).
3. Many people would be out of work if that factory ________ (close) down.
4. If she sold her car, she ________ (not/get) much money for it.
5. They’re expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ________ (not/come).
6. Would George be angry if I ________ (take) his bicycle without asking?
7. Ann gave me this ring. She ________ (be) terribly upset if I lost it.
8. If someone ________ (walk) in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened.
9. What would happen if you ________ (not/go) to work tomorrow?
10. I’m sure she ________ (understand) if you explained the situation to her.
34.2 Make questions.
Example: Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money.
What would you do if someone gave you a lot of money?
1. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her.
What would you do if ________________________________
2. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.
What ________________________________
3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you.
What ________________________________
4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen.
What ________________________________
5. Perhaps one day somebody will park a car on your foot.
________________________________
34.3 Answer these questions in the way shown.
Example: Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we/arrive too early)
No. If we took the 10:30 train, we would arrive too early.
1. Is the going to take the exam? (he/fail it) No. If he ________________________________
2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I/have to invite Linda too)
3. Are you going to bed now? (I/not/sleep) No. ________________________________
4. Is she going to apply for the job? (she/not/get it) No. ________________________________作者: black_zerg 时间: 1-8-2009 09:33
提示: 作者被禁止或删除, 无法发言
这些记不得，还不如多听作者: smallmoon 时间: 2-8-2009 09:26
UNIT 35 If and wish sentences (present) a. Study this example situation:
Tom wants to call Sue, but he can’t because he doesn’t know her telephone number.
He says: If I knew her number, I would call her.
Tom says “If knew her number…” This tells us that he doesn’t know her number.
He is imagining the situation. The real situation is that he doesn’t know her number. When you imagine a situation like this, you use a past tense form (“I did/I had/I knew,” etc.) after if. But the meaning is present, not past:
Tom would travel if he had more money. (but he doesn’t have much money)
If I didn’t want to go, I wouldn’t. (but I want to go)
We wouldn’t have any money if we didn’t work. (but we work)
b. We also use the past for a present situation after wish. We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be:
I wish I knew Sue’s telephone number. (I don’t know it.)
Do you ever wish you could fly? (You can’t fly.)
I wish it didn’t rain so much in this city. (It rains a lot.)
It’s crowded here. I wish there weren’t so many people. (There are a lot of people.)
I wish I didn’t have to work. (I have to work.)
c. In if sentences and after wish we use were instead of was:
If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. (but I am not you)
I’d go out if it weren’t raining. (but it is raining)
I wish my room were larger. (but it isn’t very larger)
d. Do not use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish:
If I were rich, I would buy a castle. (not if I would be rich)
I wish I were taller. (not I wish I would be taller.) But sometime I wish… would… is possible. See Unit 37. Could sometimes means “would be able to” and sometimes “was able to”:
She could (= would be able to) get a job more easily if she could (= was able to) type.
For if sentences and wish see also Units 34,36, and 37.
UNIT 35 Exercises 35.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: If I knew (know) her number, I would call her.
1. I ___________ (give) you a cigarette if I had one, but I’m afraid I don’t.
2. This soup would taste better if it ___________ (have) more salt in it.
3. If you ___________ (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather ___________ (be) better.
5. I’d help you if I ___________ (can), but I’m afraid I can’t.
6. If I were you, I ___________ (not/marry) him.
7. We would gladly but that house if it ___________ (not/be) so small.
35.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often.
1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly.
But if he ___________________, people ___________________
2. I’m mot going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.
But if that book ______________________________________
3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.
But if ______________________________________
4. He’s fat because he doesn’t get any exercise.
But ______________________________________
5. We can’t have lunch outside because it’s raining.
_________________________________________________________
6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
35.3 Write sentences with I wish …
Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). I wish I knew more people.
1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I ___________________
2. I don’t have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ___________________
3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George ___________________
4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish ___________________
5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City). ___________________
6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend). ___________________
7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed). ___________________
8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
_____________________________________
9. I’m not flying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s shame).
______________________________________
这课的练习对我有些难度，一会把我的答案写上来，希望有DX指证。作者: smallmoon 时间: 2-8-2009 09:27
不觉得有矛盾，听挺重要，语感也重要，不过这么多年了，学校学的最拿手的语法忘了差不多了，现在重温一下，我觉得对写作有帮助。作者: smallmoon 时间: 3-8-2009 10:04
UNIT 35 Exercises
35.1 Put the verb into the correct form.
Examples: If I knew (know) her number, I would call her.
1. I _______would give____ (give) you a cigarette if I had one, but I’m afraid I don’t.
2. This soup would taste better if it ______had_____ (have) more salt in it.
3. If you _______did not go____ (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn’t be so tired all the time.
4. I wouldn’t mind living in England if the weather __was_________ (be) better.
5. I’d help you if I ____could_______ (can), but I’m afraid I can’t.
6. If I were you, I ____did not marry_______ (not/marry) him.
7. We would gladly but that house if it ___were not________ (not/be) so small.
35.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often.
1. People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly.
But if he _______spoke very clearly____________, people ______would understand_____________
2. I’m mot going to buy that book because it’s too expensive.
But if that book ____were not too expensive I would buy ______________________________
3. She doesn’t go out very often because she can’t walk without help.
But if __she could wark, she would go out very ofeten____________________________________
4. He’s fat because he doesn’t get any exercise.
But _________if he got any exercise he would not be fat_____________________________
5. We can’t have lunch outside because it’s raining.
____________if it was not reaining we could have lunch outside_____________________________________________
6. I can’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work.
if i did not have to work, I would meet you
35.3 Write sentences with I wish …
Example: I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). I wish I knew more people.
1. I can’t give up smoking (but I’d like to). I wish I _______could give up smoking____________
2. I don’t have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish ______I did not have any cigarettes_____________
3. George isn’t here (and I need him). I wish George _____were not here______________
4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). I wish _______I were not cold____________
5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City). ___I wish I did not live in ________________
6. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend). I wish tina could come to the party___________________
7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed). ________I wish I could stay in bed___________
8. I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down).
___________________I wish I knew anything about cars__________________
9. I’m not flying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s shame).
______________I wish I were flying on a beautiful sunny beach________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 3-8-2009 10:17
UNIT 36 If and wish sentences (past) a. Study this example situation:
Last month Ann was sick. Tom didn’t know this, and he didn’t go to see her. They met again after Ann got better. Tom said:
If I had known that you were sick. I would have gone to see you.
The real situation was that Tom didn’t know Ann was sick. So he says If I had know… When you are taking the past, you use the past perfect (I had done/I had been/I had known, etc.) after if.
If I had seen you when you passed me in the street, I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you)
I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (but I was too tired)
If he had been looking where he was going, he wouldn’t have walked into the wall. (but he wasn’t looking) Do not use would (have) in the if part of the sentence:
If I had seen you, I would have said hello. (not if I would have seen) Both would and had can be shortened to ’d:
If I ’d see (= had seen) you, I’d have said (= would have said) hello.
b. Use the past perfect (I had done) after wish when you say that you regret something that happened or didn’t happen in the past: I wish I had known that Ann was sick. I would have gone to see her. (I didn’t know that she was sick.)
I feel sick. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (I ate too much.)
Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (You didn’t study science.)
The weather was terrible. I wish it had been warmer. (It wasn’t warm.) You cannot use would have after wish:
I wish it had been warmer. (not would have been)
c. Would have (done) is the past form of would (do):
If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired now – present.)
If I had gone to the party last night, I would have seen Ann. (I didn’t see Ann - past) Might have and could have are possible instead of would have:
If we’d played better, we might have won. (= perhaps we would have won)
We would have gone out if the weather hadn’t been so bad. (= we would have been able to go out)
For if sentences and wish see also Units 34, 35, and 37.
UNIT 36 Exercises
36.1 Put the verb into the correct form.’
Examples: If I had known (know) that you were sick last week. I’d have gone to see you.
Tom wouldn’t have taken (not/take) the exam if he had known that it would be so difficult.
1. Jim go to the bus stop in time. If he _____________ (miss) the bus, he would have been late for his interview.
2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I _____________ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.
3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if Debbie _____________ (not/recommend) it to us.
4. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on vacation if I _____________ (have) your address.
36.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
Example: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry.
It she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.
1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
If the driver in front _______________________________________
2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.
If I _______________________________________
3. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
If _______________________________________
4. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
If _______________________________________
5. You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.
If _______________________________________
6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her.
If _______________________________________
36.3 Imagine that you are in each situation. Make a sentence with I wish…
Example: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.
You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.
You say: I wish I _______________________________________
2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You said: I _______________________________________
3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say: _______________________________________
4. You’ve just come back from your vacation. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say: _______________________________________
kind of confused, post my answer later, welcome to discuss作者: smallmoon 时间: 4-8-2009 09:34
UNIT 36 Exercises
36.1 Put the verb into the correct form.’
Examples: If I had known (know) that you were sick last week. I’d have gone to see you.
Tom wouldn’t have taken (not/take) the exam if he had known that it would be so difficult.
1. Jim go to the bus stop in time. If he ____had _miss_____ (miss) the bus, he would have been late for his interview.
2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom’s birthday. I _____would have bee forgetten________ (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me.
3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if Debbie ____had not recommended_________ (not/recommend) it to us.
4. I’d have sent you a postcard while I was on vacation if I _______had have______ (have) your address.
36.2 Read the situation and write a sentence with if.
Example: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry.
It she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.
1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
If the driver in front ______had not stopped sosuddenly the accident would have not been happened_________________________
2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.
If I __had known ____George wanted to get up early I would have not waken him_______
3. I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money.
If __Jim did not lend me the money I would not have been able to buy the car_____________________________________
4. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
If ________________she did not wearing a seat belt she would have been injured _______________________
5. You’re hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.
If ____had have breakfast you would not be hungry___________________________________
6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her.
If _____she had have encoughmoney she would have bought the coat ____________________________
36.3 Imagine that you are in each situation. Make a sentence with I wish…
Example: You’ve eaten too much and now you feel sick.
You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.
1. You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice.
You say: I wish I _____had not painted the door__________________________________
2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You said: I ___wish I had brought my camera_______________________________
3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say: _______I wish I had not been away when you came________________________________
4. You’ve just come back from your vacation. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say: _____I wish I had not been in this hotel__________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 4-8-2009 09:41
UNIT 37 Would
For would and would have in if sentences (conditional), see Units 34,35, and 36. For would in offers, invitations, etc., see Unit 30. This unit explains some other uses to would.
a. Sometimes we use would after I wish… Study this example:
It is raining. Tom wants to go out, but not in the rain. He says: I wish it would stop raining.
This means that Tom is complaining about the rain and wants it to stop. We use I wish… would… when we want something to happen or somebody to do something. The speaker is complaining about the present situation.
I wish someone would answer that telephone. It’s been ringing for about five minutes.
The music next door is very loud. I wish they would turn it down. We often use I wish… would when we want something to change or somebody else to do something. So you cannot say “I wish I would…” For more information about wish, see Units 35, and 36.
b. Would/wouldn’t is sometimes the past of will/won’t:
Present Tom: I’ll lend you some money, Ann.
Past Tom said that he would lend Ann some money.
Present Ann: I promise I won’t be late.
Past Ann promise that she wouldn’t be late.
Present Tom: Darn it! The car won’t start.
Past Tom was angry because the car wouldn’t
c. You can also use would when you look back on the past and remember things that often happened:
When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was nice, we would all get up early and go for a swim.
Whenever Linda was angry, she would just walk out of the room.
Used to is also possible in these sentences:
… we all used to get up early and go …
See Unit 24 for used to
UNIT 37 Exercises
37.1 Read the situation and then write a sentence with I wish… would…
Example: It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. So you want it to stop raining.
What do you say? I wish it would stop raining.
1. You’re waiting for Tim. He’s late and you’re getting impatient. You want him to come.
What do you say? I wish _______________________________________
2. A baby is crying and you’re trying to sleep. You want the baby to stop crying.
What do you say? I _______________________________________
3. You’re looking for a job – so far without success. You want somebody to give you a job.
What do you say? I wish somebody _______________________________________
4. Brian has been wearing the same old clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes, and you want him to buy some. What do you say to him? __________________________
37.2 Use I wish… wouldn’t…
Example: Tom drives very fast. You don’t like this. What do you say to him?
I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast.
1. You are telling your friend about the man in the apartment next door. He often plays the piano in the middle of the night, and you don’t like this. What do you say to your friend?
I _______________________________________
2. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. What do you say?
I wish people _______________________________________
3. Jane always leaves the door open. You don’t like this. What do you say to her?
I _______________________________________
37.3 Write a sentence with promised.
Example: I wonder why she’s late. She promised she wouldn’t be late.
1. I wonder why Steve hasn’t written to me. He promised ___________________________
2. I wonder why Ann told Tom what I said. She promised ___________________________
3. I wonder why they haven’t come. They ___________________________
37.4 These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Put in would with one of these verbs. be walk take shake
Example: Whenever Carol was angry, she would walk out of the room.
1. We used to live next to a railroad track. Every time a train went past, the whole house _________
2. That café is nearly always empty now. I remember a few years ago it _______________ crowded every night.
3. When he went to out, Jack ___________ always ___________ an umbrella with him, whether it was raining or not.作者: smallmoon 时间: 5-8-2009 09:40
UNIT 38 In case a. Study this example situation:
Jeff is soccer referee. He always wears two watches during a game because it is possible that one watch will stop.
He wears two watches in case one of them stops.
In case one of them stops = “because it is possible that one of them will stop.”
Here are some more examples of in case:
John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he calls.
(= because it is possible that he will call)
I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house.
(= because it is possible that you won’t be able to find it)
b. Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense when you are talking about the future;
I don’t want to go out tonight in case Sue calls. (not “in case she will call”)
c. In case is not same as if. Compare these sentences:
We’ll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we’ll buy some more food; if he doesn’t come, we won’t buy any more food.)
We’ll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; we’ll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we’ll already have the food if he comes.)
Compare:
This letter is for Ann. Can you give it to her if you see her?
This letter is for Ann. Can you take it with you in case you see her?
d. You can use in case to say why someone did something in the past:
We bought some more food in case Tom came. (= because it was possible that Tom would come)
I drew a map for her in case she couldn’t find our house.
We rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.
e. “In case of …” is different from in case. In case of fire means “if there is a fire”:
In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible.
In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency)
UNIT 38 Exercises
38.1 Tom is going for a long walk in the country. He has decided to take these things with him: his camera , some chocolate, an umbrella, a towel, a map, and some lemonade. He is taking these things because:
perhaps he’ll get thirsty
perhaps he’ll want to go swimming
perhaps he’ll want to take some pictures
perhaps he’ll get lost
perhaps it will rain
perhaps he’ll get hungry
Now write sentences, with in case saying why Tom has decided to take these things.
Example: He’s gong to take his camera in case he wants to take some pictures.
1. He’s going to take some chocolate in case _________________________________
2. He’s going to take ________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
38.2 Write sentences with in case.
Example: It was possible that John would call. So I didn’t go out.
I didn’t go out in case John called.
1. It was possible that he would come to Los Angeles one day. So I gave him my address. I gave him my address in case _________________________________
2. It was possible that I wouldn’t see her again. So I said goodbye. I said _______________________
3. It was possible that her parents were worried about her. So she called them.
She _________________________________
4. It was possible that I would forget the name of the street. So I wrote it down.
____________________________________________
5. It was possible that they hadn’t received my first letter. So I wrote them a second letter.
38.3 Put in case or if in these sentences.
Examples: John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he calls.
Could you give this book to Bill if you see him?
1. I hope you’ll come to Tokyo sometime ___________ you come, you must visit us.
2. I’ve just painted the door. I’ll put a “wet paint” sign next to it ___________ someone doesn’t realize the paint is still wet.
3. We have installed a burglar alarm in our house ___________ somebody tries to break in.
4. The alarm will go off ___________ somebody tries to break into the house.
5. Write your name and address on your bag ___________ you lose it.
6. Go to the lost and found office ___________ you lose your bag.
7. I was advised to arrange for insurance ___________ I needed medical treatment while I was abroad on vacation.作者: smallmoon 时间: 6-8-2009 08:34
UNIT 39 Unless, as long as, and provided/providing (that) a. Unless
Study this example situation:
Joe is always listening to music. If you speak to him normally, he can’t hear you. If you want him to hear you, you have to shout.
Joe can’t hear unless you shout.
This means: “Joe can hear only if you shout.” Unless means except if. We use unless to make an exception to something we say.
Here are some more examples of unless:
Don’t tell Ann what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)
I’ll come tomorrow unless I have to work. (= except if I have to work)
I wouldn’t eat between meals unless I were extremely hungry (= except if I were extremely hungry) We often use unless in warnings:
We’ll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)
Unless you work harder, you’re not going to pass the exam. (= except it you work harder)
The thief said he would hit me unless I told him where the money was. (= except if I told him) Instead of unless it is possible to say if … not:
Don’t tell Ann what I said if she doesn’t ask you.
We’ll be late if we don’t hurry.
b. As long as provided (that) providing (that)
These expressions mean but only if:
You can use my car as long as (or so long as) you drive carefully.
(= but only if you drive carefully)
Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park.
(= but only if you have somewhere to park)
Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the exam.
(= but only if she studies hard)
c. When you are talking about the future, do not use will unless, as long as, provided, or providing. Use a present tense:
We’ll be late unless we hurry. (not unless we will hurry)
Providing she studies hard … (not providing she will study)
See Unit 9 for more information about this rule.
UNIT 39 Exercises 39.1 Read the sentence and then write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless.
Example: You have to study more or you won’t pass the exam.
You won’t pass the exam unless you study more.
1. You should listen carefully or you won’t know what to do.
You won’t know what to do _______________________________
2. We have to hurry or we’ll miss the train. We’ll _______________________________
3. You have to speak very slowly or he won’t be able to understand you.
He _______________________________
4. I have to get a raise or I’ll look for another job. _______________________________
5. She has to apologize to me or I won’t forgive her. _______________________________
39.2 Read the sentence with only if and then write a new sentence with unless.
Example: Joe can hear only if you shout. Joe can’t hear unless you shout.
1. I’m going to the party only if you go too. I’m not going to the party __________________
2. You are allowed into the club only if you are a member. You’re not __________________
3. The dog will attack you only if you move. The dog __________________
4. She’ll speak to you only if you ask her a question. She __________________
39.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.
Example: You can use my car (unless/as long as) you drive carefully. (“as long as” is correct)
1. I’m playing tennis tomorrow (unless/providing) it rains.
2. We’re going to start painting the house tomorrow (unless/provided) it’s not raining.
3. You can smoke in here (unless/as long as) you leave a window open to let the smoke out.
4. George doesn’t trust anyone. He won’t lend you any money (unless/as long as) you promise in writing to pay him back.
5. The children can stay here (unless/providing) they don’t make too much noise.
6. I’m going to now (unless/provided) you want me to stay.
7. I can’t understand why he’s late, (unless/as long as) he didn’t get our message.作者: smallmoon 时间: 7-8-2009 08:58
UNIT 40 Passive (1) (be done/have been done) a. Active and passive Study this example:
This house was built in 1920.
This is a passive sentence. Compare:
Somebody built this house in 1920. (active)
This house was built in 1920. (passive) We often prefer the passive when it is not so important who or what did the action. In this example, it is not so important (or not known) who built the house.
In a passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by:
This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built it)
Have you ever been bitten by a dog? (= Has a dog ever bitten you?)
b. In passive sentence we use the correct form of be (is/are/was/were/has been, etc.) + the past participle:
(be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen
For irregular past participles (done/seen/written, etc.) see Appendix 2.
For the passive of the present and past tenses see Unit 41.
c. We use the base form (… be done, be cleaned, be built, etc.) after modal verbs (will, can, must, etc.) and some other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to). Compare:
Active: We can solve this problem.
Passive: This problem can be solved.
The new hotel will be opened next year.
George might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August.
The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away.
This room is going to be painted next week.
Go away! I want to be left alone.
d. There is a past form after modal verbs: have been done/ have been cleaned, etc.:
Active: Somebody should have cleaned the windows yesterday.
Passive: The windows should have been cleaned yesterday.
My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen.
She wouldn’t have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt.
The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled.
UNIT 40 Exercises
40.1 Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):
arrest wake knock check translate find drive make spend hear
Example: The music at the party was very old loud and could be heard from far away.
1. A decision will not __________ until the next meeting.
2. That building is dangerous. It ought to __________ down before it falls down.
3. When you go through Customs, your luggage may __________ by a customs officer.
4. I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to __________ up at 6:30.
5. Her new book will probably __________ into a number of foreign languages.
6. If you kicked a police officer, you’d __________
7. The police are looking for the missing boy. He can’t __________ anywhere.
8. Do you think that less money should __________ on the military?
9. The injured woman couldn’t walk and had to __________
10. I don’t mind driving, but I prefer to __________ by other people.
40.2 Complete the sentences. This time use these verbs:
must should shouldn’t might would
Example: Did anyone clean the windows?
No. They should have been cleaned but they weren’t
1. A: Did anyone invite Ann to the party?
B: I don’t know. She ______________________________ -- I’m not sure.
2. A: Did anyone see you?
B: No, but I ______________________________ if it hadn’t been so dark.
3. A: Has someone fixed this machine?
B: Well, it’s working again so it ______________________________
4. A: Did someone throw those old letters away?
B: Yes, but it was a mistake. They ______________________________
40.3 Read the sentence and write another sentence with the same meaning.
Example: We can solve the problem. The problem can be solved.
1. People should send their complaints to the main office.
Complaints ________________________________________
2. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.
The meeting ________________________________________
3. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it.
Your car __________________________________________________
4. A short circuit(短路） could have caused the fire.
The fire ________________________________________
5. They are going to hold next year’s convention in San Francisco.
Next year’s convention ________________________________________
6. They shouldn’t have played the soccer match in such bad weather.
The soccer match __________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 8-8-2009 08:46
UNIT 41 Passive (2) (present and past tenses)
These are the passive forms of the present and past tenses: Simple present am/is/are + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
Passive: This room is cleaned every day.
Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
I’m not often invited to parties.
How many people are injured in car accidents every day?
Simple past was/were + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion.
When was that castle built?
The house wasn’t damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down.
Present continuous am/is/are being + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: Somebody is cleaning the room right now.
Passive: The room is being cleaned right now.
Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down.
(shop assistant to customer) Are you being helped, ma’am?
Past continuous was/were being + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
Passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed.
Present perfect have/has been + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.
Passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Have you heard the news? The President has been shot.
Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
I’m not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.
Past perfect had been + done/cleaned, etc.
Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it.
Passive: The room looked much better. It had been cleaned.
Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told.
UNIT 41 Exercises 41.1 Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning. Begin each sentence as shown. Examples: Somebody stole my bag in the store. My bag was stolen in the store.
The police have arrested three men. Three men have been arrested by the police.
1. The bill includes service. Service ________________________ in the bill.
2. People don’t use this road very often. This road ________________________
3. They canceled all fights because of fog. All flights ________________________
4. Somebody accused me of stealing the money. I ________________________
5. They are building a new shopping center downtown.
A new shopping center ________________________
6. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.
I didn’t realize that our conversation _______________________
7. They have changed the date of the meeting. The date of the meeting_____________________
8. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.
Brian told me that he ________________________
41.2 Make a passive sentence from the words in parentheses (…).
Examples: That building looks very old. (when/it/build?) When was it built?
A: Is Margaret popular?
B: Yes, (she/like/by everybody) She is liked by everybody.
1. This is a very popular television program. (every week it/watch/by millions of people) Every week it ________________________
2. What happens to the cars produced in this factory? (most of them/export?) _________________
3. A: Was there any trouble at the demonstration?
B: Yes. (about 20 people/arrest) ________________________
4. A: There is no longer military service in Britain.
B: Really? (when/it/abolish?) ________________________
5. A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?
B: Yes. (but nobody/injure/so it/not/need) ________________________
6. A: Last night someone broke into our house.
B: Oh no! (anything/take?) ________________________
7. Mr. Kelly can’t use his office right now. (it/redecorate) ________________________
8. Linda didn’t have her car yesterday. (it/tune-up(维修）/at the garage) ________________________
9. Where’s my bicycle? It’s gone! (it/steal!) ________________________
10. The people next door disappeared six months ago. (they/not/see/since then) ________________
11. This room looks different. (it/paint/since I was last here?) ________________________
12. A tree was lying across the road. (it/blow/down in the storm) ______作者: diydiy 时间: 9-8-2009 15:22
努力学习中作者: smallmoon 时间: 9-8-2009 17:23
UNIT 42 Passive (3) a. Some verbs can have two objects. For example, offer:
They didn’t offer Ann the job. (the two objects are Ann the job.)
So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
Ann wasn’t offered the job.
The job wasn’t offered to Ann.
It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
Other verbs like offer that can have two objects are:
ask tell give send show teach pay Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:
I was given two hours to make my decision. (= they gave me two hours)
The men were paid $1500 to do the job. (= someone paid the men $1500)
Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anyone shown you the new machine?)
b. Born: Remember that be born is a passive verb and is usually past:
Where were you born? (not are you born) simple past
I was born in Chicago. (not I am born)
How many babies are born in this hospital every day? – simple present
c. The passive –ing form is being done/being cleaned, etc.:
Active: I don’t like people telling me what to do.
Passive: I don’t like being told what to do.
I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember someone giving me …)
Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)
She climbed over the wall without being seen. (= without anyone seeing her)
d. Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:
There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
Did Ann get fired from her new job? (= was Ann fired from her new job?)
You can use get in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something.
Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:
The dog got run over by a car. (= the dog was run over)
In other types of situation get is not usually possible:
George is liked by everyone. (not gets liked) Get is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.
UNIT 42 Exercises 42.1 Read the sentences and then write a new sentence with some meaning.
Begin in the way shown each time.
Example: They didn’t offer Ann the job. Ann wasn’t offered the job.
1. They don’t pay Jim very much. Jim ________________________
2. They will ask you a lot of question at the interview. You ________________________
3. Nobody told me that Liz was sick. I ________________________
4. His colleagues gave him a present when he retired. He ________________________
5. We will send you your exam results as soon as they are ready. You _______________________
6. They didn’t ask me my name. I ________________________
7. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom ________________________
42.2 When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person:
1889 1770 1452 1870 1564
1. Lenin was born in 1870.
2. Shakespeare _____________
3. Leonardo Vinci _____________
4. Charlie Chaplin _____________
5. Beethoven _____________
6. And you? I _____________
42.3 Complete the sentences. Each time use being with one of these verbs:
keep pay attack give invite use ask
Example: Mr. Miller doesn’t like being kept waiting.
1. He came to the party without __________________________
2. She won’t go out alone after dark. She is afraid of __________________________
3. I don’t like __________________________
4. Few people are prepared to work without __________________________
5. Ms. Kelly doesn’t like her phone __________________________ by other people.
6. Most people like __________________________ presents.
42.4 Complete the sentences.
Make a passive sentence with get and one of these verbs:
break sting use damage hurt steal
Example: There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt.
1. Ted __________________________ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
2. How did that window __________________________?
3. Did any of these houses __________________________ in the storm last night?
4. These tennis court don’t __________________________ often. Not many people want to play.
5. I used to have a bicycle, but it __________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 13-8-2009 11:54 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 10-8-2009 12:53
UNIT 43 It is said that…/He is said to…, etc., and supposed to
a. Study this example situation:
This is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But:
It is said that she is 108 years old.
She is said to be 108 years old.
Both these sentences mean: “People say that she is 108 years old.”
You can also use these structures with: thought believed reported understood known expected alleged considered
It is said that Mary eats ten eggs a day. or Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day.
It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York. or The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow. or The strike is expected to begin tomorrow.
It is alleged that he stole $100. or He is alleged to have stolen $100.
It was alleged that he stole $100. or He was alleged to have stolen $100.
These structures are often used in news reports:
It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion. or
Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
b. Supposed to Sometimes (be) supposed to means “said to”;
Let’s go and see that movie. It’s supposed to be very good. (= It is said to be very good; people say that it’s very good.)
He is supposed to have stolen $100. (= He is said to have stolen $100.) But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. You can use supposed to to say what is planned or arranged (and this is often different from what really happens):
I’d better hurry. It’s nearly 8:00. I’m supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15. (= I arranged to meet Ann; I said I would meet Ann.)
The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but is was 40 minutes late. (= The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule.)
You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?
We use not supposed to to say what is not allowed or not advisable:
You’re not supposed to park here. (= You aren’t allowed to park here.)
Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work.
UNIT 43 Exercises 43.1 Read the sentence and then write another sentence with the same meaning.
Examples: It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.
The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.
It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.
1. It is said that many people are homeless because of the flood.
Many people are said ______________________________
2. It is known that the Governor is in favor of the new law.
The Governor ______________________________
3. It is expected that the President will lose the election.
The President ______________________________
4. It is believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
The thieves ______________________________
5. It is alleged that she drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
She ______________________________
6. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
Two people ______________________________
7. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
Three men ______________________________
43.2 There are a lot of stories about Arthur, but nobody knows whether they are true. Make sentences with supposed to. Example: People say that Arthur eats spiders. Arthur is supposed to eat spiders.
1. People say that Arthur is very rich. Arthur ______________________________
2. People say that he has 22 children. He ______________________________
3. People say that he sleeps on a bed if nails. He ______________________________
4. People say that he inherited a lot of money. He ______________________________
5. People say that he writes poetry. He ______________________________
43.3 Now use supposed to with its other meaning. In each example what happens is not what is supposed to happen. Use supposed to or not supposed to with one of these verbs:
clean come be smoke call study have
Examples: Mary, you’re smoking! But you know you are not supposed to smoke in this room.
Why are the windows still dirty? You were supposed to clean them.
1. What are the children doing at home? They ____________________ at school.
2. He ____________________ in the evenings, but he always goes out.
3. Don’t put sugar in your tea. You know you ____________________ sugar.
4. Oh no! I ________________________________________ Ann, but I completely forgot.
5. They arrived very early – at 2:00. They __________________________ until 3:30.
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 13-8-2009 11:57 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 11-8-2009 09:32
UNIT 44 Have something done
a. Study this example situation:
The roof of Bill’s house was damaged in a storm, so he arranged for a worker to repair it. Yesterday the worker came and did the job.
Bill had the roof repaired yesterday.
This means: Bill didn’t repair the roof himself. He arranged for someone else to do it for him.
Compare: Bill repaired the roof. (= he did it himself)
Bill had the roof repaired. (= he arranged for someone else to do it)
Now study these sentences:
Did Ann design her business cards herself or did she have them designed?
Are you going to repair the car yourself, or are you going to have it repaired?
To say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us, we use structure have something done. The word order is important: the past participle (done/repaired, etc.) comes after the object (the roof):
have + object + past participle
Bill had the roof repaired yesterday
Where did you have your hair done?
We are having the house Painted Right now
Tom has just Had A telephone Installed In his house
How often do you Have Your car Serviced?
Why don’t you Have That coat Cleaned?
I want to Have My picture Taken
b. “Get something done” is possible instead of have something done (mainly in informal spoken English):
I think you should get your hair cut. (= have your hair cut)
c. Have something done sometime has a different meaning. For example:
He had all his money stolen while he was on vacation.
The doesn’t mean that he arranged for somebody to steal his money! “He had all his money stolen” means only: “All his money was stolen .”
With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something (often something not nice) happened to someone: George had his nose broken in a fight. (= his nose was broken)
UNIT 44 Exercises
44.1 Answer the question in the way shown.
Example: “Did Liz make that dress herself?” “No, she had it made.”
1. “Did you cut your hair yourself” “No, I __________________________”
2. “Did they paint the house themselves?” “No, they __________________________”
3. “Did Jim cut down that tree himself?” “No, __________________________”
4. “Did Sue repair the car herself?” “No, __________________________”
44.2 This time complete the sentences. Use the words in parentheses (…).
Examples: We are having the house painted (the house/paint) at the moment.
Did you have your hair cut (you/your hair/cut) last week?
1. Your hair is too long. I think you should __________________________ (it/cut).
2. How often __________________________ (you/your car/tune up)?
3. The engine in Tom’s car couldn’t be repaired, so he had to _____________ (a new engine/put in).
4. _______________________ (you/your newspaper/deliver) or do you buy it yourself at the store?
5. A: What are those workers doing in your garden?
B: Oh, I __________________________ (a swimming pool/build).
6. A: Can I see the pictures you took on your vacation?
B: I’m afraid not. I __________________________ (not/the film/develop) yet.
7. Is it true that many years ago he _____________________ (his portrait/paint) by a famous artist?
44.3 Now read each situation and then write a sentence with have something done.
Example: Jill’s coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now it is clean. What has Jill done?
She has had her coat cleaned.
1. Tom thinks his eyesight is getting worse, so he’s going to the eye doctor. What is Tom going to do there? He is __________________________
2. Sue is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue doing? ____________________________________________________
3. Ann’s watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it’s working again. What has Ann done? ____________________________________________________
44.4 Now use have something done with its second meaning (see section c).
Example: George’s nose was broken in fight. What happened to George?
He had his nose broken in a fight.
1. John’s wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He ___________________
2. Fred’s hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred? __________________________
3. Carol’s passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol? ____________________________________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-9-2009 09:07 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 12-8-2009 10:45
UNIT 45 Reported speech (1)
a. Study this example situation:
You want to tell someone else what Tom said. There are two ways of doing this:
You can repeat Tom’s words (direct speech): Tom said, “I’m feeling sick.”
Or you can use reported speech: Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.
Compare the two sentences:
direct Tom said, “I am feeling sick.” You use these to show it is direct speech
reported Tom said (that) he was feeling sick.
b. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. For example:
am/is → was have/has → had can → could
are → were will → would do/want/know → did/wanted/knew, etc.
Study these examples. You met Tom. Here are some things he said to you:
I’m going away for a few days. I’ll call you when I get back.
I’m going to quit my job.
Ann has bought a new car.
I can’t come to the party on Friday.
I want to go on vacation, but I don’t know where to go.
My parents are very well.
Now you tell someone else what Tom said (in reported speech):
Tom said (that) his parents were very well.
Tom said (that) he was going to quit his job.
Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.
Tom said (that) he couldn’t come to the party on Friday.
Tom said (that) he wanted to go on vacation, but he didn’t know where to go.
Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would call me when he got back.
c. The simple past (I did) can usually stay the same in reported speech, or you can change it to the past perfect (I had done): did → did or had done
direct Tom said: “I woke up feeling sick and so I stayed in bed.”
reported Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling sick and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.
For reported speech see also Units 46 and 48b.
UNIT 45 Exercises
45.1 Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. Helen told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things she said to you:
1. I’m thinking of going to live in France.
2. My father is in the hospital.
3. Sue and Jim are getting married next month.
4. I haven’t seen Bill for a while.
5. I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately.
6. Barbara has had a baby.
7. I don’t know what Fred is doing.
8. I hardly ever go out these days.
9. I work 14 hours a day.
10. I’ll tell Jim I saw you.
11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in Toronto.
12. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn’t injured.
13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.
Later that day you tell another friend what Helen said. Use reported speech.
1. Helen said that she was thinking of going to live in France.
2. Helen said that _________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________
13. __________________________________________________
45.2 In this exercise someone says something to you that is the opposite of what they said before. You have to answer I thought you said …
Example: “That restaurant in expensive.” “I thought you said it wasn’t expensive.”
1. “Ann is coming to the party.” “I thought you said she _______________________”
2. “Bill passed his exam.” “I thought you said _______________________”
3. “Ann likes Bill.” “I thought _______________________”
4. “I’ve got many friends.” “I thought you said you _______________________”
5. “Jack and Karen are going to get married.” “_______________________”
6. “Tom works very hard.” “_______________________”
7. “I want to be rich and famous.” “_______________________”
8. “I’ll be here next week.” “_______________________”
9. “I can afford a vacation this year.” “_______________________”
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 12-8-2009 10:49 编辑 ]作者: smallmoon 时间: 13-8-2009 12:05
UNIT 46 Reported speech (2)
a. It is not always necessary to change the verb when you use reported speech. If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tense of the verb:
direct Tom said, “New York is bigger than London.”
reported Tom said (that) New York is (or was) bigger than London.
direct Ann said, “I want to go to Turkey next year.”
reported Ann said (that) she wants (or wanted) to go to Turkey next year. Notice that it is also correct to change the verb into the past.But you must use a past tense when there is a difference between what has said and what is really true. Study this example situation:
You met Ann. She said, “Jim is sick.” (direct speech)
Later that day you see Jim playing tennis and looking fine. You say: “I’m surprised to see you playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you were sick.” (not that you are sick, because he isn’t sick) Must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech. May in direct speech normally changes to might in reported speech.
b. Say and tell
If you say who you are talking to, use tell:
Tom told me (that) he didn’t like Brian. (not Tom said me …)
Otherwise use say:
Tom said (that) he didn’t like Brian. (not Tom told (that) he …)
Also: you can’t say “Tom told about his trip to Mexico.” You have to say:
Tom told us (or me/them/Ann, etc.) about his trip to Mexico.
If you don’t say who he told, you have to say:
Tom talked (or spoke) about his trip to Mexico. (but not said about)
c. We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay, etc.) in reported speech, especially with tell and ask (for orders and requests):
Direct “Stay in bed for a few days,” the doctor said to me.
Reported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
Direct “Don’t shout,” I said to Jim.
Reported I told Jim not to shout.
Direct “Please don’t tell anyone what happened,” Ann said to me.
Reported Ann asked me not to tell anyone what (had) happened.
Direct “Can you open the door for me, Tom?” Ann asked.
Reported Ann asked Tom to open the door for her.
Said is also possible with the infinitive:
The doctor said to stay in bed for a few days. (but not said me)
UNIT 46 Exercises 46.1 Write what you would say in these situations.
Example: Ann says, “I’m tired.” Five minutes later she says, “Let’s play tennis.” What to you say?” You said you were tired.
1. Your friend says, “I’m hungry,” so you go to restaurant. When you get there he says, “I don’t want to eat.” What do you say? “You said ________________________________”
2. Tom tells you, “Ann has gone away.” Later that day you meet her. What do you say? “Tom told ________________________________”
3. George said, “I don’t smoke.” A few days later you see him smoking a cigarette. What do you say to him? “You said ________________________________”
4. You arranged to meet Jack. He said, “I won’t be late.” At last arrives – 20 minutes late. What do you say? “You ________________________________”3
5. Sue said, “I can’t come to the party tonight.” That night you see her at the party. What do you say to her? “________________________________” 3
6. Ann says, “I’m working tomorrow evening.” Later that day she says, “Let’s go out tomorrow evening.” What do you say? “________________________________”
46.2 Now complete these sentences with said, told, or talked.
Example: Tom said that he didn’t like Brian.
1. Jack ___________ me that he was enjoying his new job.
2. Amy ___________ it was a nice restaurant, but I didn’t like it very much.
3. The doctor ___________ that I would have to rest for at least a week.
4. Mrs. Taylor ___________ us she wouldn’t be able to come to the next meeting.
5. Ann ___________ Tom that she was going away.
6. George couldn’t help me. He ___________ to ask Jack.
7. At the meeting the director ___________ about the problems facing the company.
8. Jill ___________ us all about her trip to Japan.
46.3 Now read sentence and write a new sentence with same meaning.
Examples: “Listen carefully,” he said to us. He told us to listen carefully.
“Don’t wait for me if I’m late,” Ann said.
Ann said not to wait for her if she was late.
1. “Eat more fruit and vegetables,” the doctor said.
The doctor said _________________________________
2. “Read the instructions before you use the machine,” he said to me.
He told _________________________________
3. “Shut the door but don’t lock it,” she said to us.
She told _________________________________
4. “Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand,” he said to me.
He asked _________________________________
5. “Don’t come before 6:00,” I said to her.
I told ____________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 13-8-2009 12:33
有DX问我要，我发出来，有要看的可以下载，不过我还是会每天一帖帖出来，我一次记不了这么多，每天学一点吧。作者: smallmoon 时间: 14-8-2009 12:01
UNIT 47 Questions (1) a. We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the auxiliary verb (AV) before the subject (S): S + AV AV + S it is → is it? Is it raining?
you can → can you? When can you come and see us?
Tom has → has Tom? Where has Tom gone?
We make question with the verb be in the same way:
they were → were they? Were the surprised?
b. In simple present question use do/does:
Do you like music? (not like you) Do you have a light?
Where does Jack live? (not where lives Jack) In simple past question use did:
When did they get married? (not when got they)
Why did Ann sell her car? (not why sold Ann)
But be careful with who/what/which question. If who/what/which is the subject of the sentence, do not use do/does/did. Compare:
who is the object
Ann telephoned someone
Who did Ann telephone?
who is the subject
Someone telephoned Ann.
Who telephoned Ann?
In these examples who/what/which is the subject:
Who wants something to eat? (not who does want)
Who invented the steam engine? (not who did invent)
What happened to you last night? (not what did happen)
Which switch operates this machine? (not which switch does operate)
c. We use negative question especially:
To show surprise:
Didn’t you hear the bell? I rang if four times.
In exclamations:
Doesn’t that dress look nice! (= that dress looks nice)
When we expect the listener to agree with us:
“Haven’t we met somewhere before?” “Yes, I think we have.” Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions:
Didn’t Dave pass his exams? Yes. (= Yes, he passed them) or No. (= No, he didn’t pass them) Note the word order in negative question with Why…?
Why didn’t you lock the door? (not why you didn’t lock)
Why don’t we go out to eat? (not why we don’t go)
Why can’t you help me? (not why you can’t help me)
Why wasn’t Mary invited to the party? (not why Mary wasn’t)
UNIT 47 Exercises 47.1 Ask questions about Ed and Liz.
Example: (Ed and Liz/be/married?) Are Ed and Liz married? “Yes, they are.”
1. (where/Ed and Liz live?) _____________________________ “In Detroit.”
2. (how long/they/be/married?) _____________________________ “15 years.”
3. (what/Liz do for a living?) _____________________________ “She’s math teacher.”
4. (she/like being a teacher?) _____________________________ “Yes, she does.”
5. (What/Ed do for a living?) _____________________________ “He’s police officer.”
6. (he/enjoy his job?) _____________________________ “Yes, very much.”
7. (he/arrest anyone yesterday?) _____________________________ “No.”
8. (they/have/a car?) _____________________________ “Yes.”
9. (when/they/buy it?) _____________________________ “A year ago.”
10. (they/go/on vacation next summer) _____________________________ “Yes.”
11. (where/they/go?) _____________________________ “To Florida.”
47.2 This time make question with who or what.
Examples: “Somebody hit me.” “Who hit you?”
“I hit somebody.” “Who did you hit?”
1. “Something happened.” “What _____________________________?”
2. “Someone lives in that house.” “Who _____________________________?”
3. “Somebody gave me this key.” “Who _____________________________?”
4. “Henry gave me something.” “What _____________________________?”
5. “Tom meets someone every day.” “Who _____________________________?”
6. “I fell over something.” “What _____________________________?”
7. “Something fell on the floor.” “What _____________________________?”
8. “This word means something.” “What _____________________________?”
47.3 Make negative question. Each time you are surprised.
Example: “We won’t see Ann this evening.” “Oh! (she/not/come to the party tonight?)”
Isn’t she coming to the party tonight?
1. “I hope we don’t meet Brian tonight.” “Why? (you/not/like him?)” _________________
2. “I’ll have to borrow some money.” “Why? (you/not/have/may?)” _________________
3. “Don’t go and see that movie.” “Why? (it/not/be/good?)” _________________
47.4 Make negative questions with “Why …?”
Examples” (I didn’t lock the door.) Why didn’t you lock the door?
(Mary wasn’t invited to the party.) Why wasn’t Mary invited to the party?
1. (I don’t like George.) _________________ you _________________?
2. (Jim wasn’t at work today.) Why __________________________________?
3. (I’m not ready yet.) Why __________________________________?
4. (Sue doesn’t eat fruit.) __________________________________?
5. (Maria can’t come to the meeting.) __________________________________?作者: smallmoon 时间: 16-8-2009 14:09
UNIT 48 Questions (2) (Do you know where…? He asked me where…) a. When we ask people for information we sometimes begin out question with Do you know…? or Could you tell me…? If you begin a question in this way, the word order is different the word order in a simple question:
Compare: Where has Tom gone? (simple question)
Do you know where Tom has gone?
When the question (Where has Tom gone?) is part of a bigger sentence (Do you know…), it loses the normal question word order. Compare:
When will Ann arrive? Do you have any idea when Ann will arrive?
What time is it? Could you tell me what time it is?
Why are you laughing? Tell us why you are laughing. Be careful with do/does/did questions: When does the movie begin? Do you know when the movie begins?
Why did Ann leave early? I wonder why Ann left early. Use if or whether when there is no other question word:
Did he see you? Do you know if (or whether) he saw you?
b. The same changes in word order happen in reported questions:
Direct The police officer said to us, “Where are you going?”
Reported The police officer asked us where we were going.
Direct Tom said: “What time do the banks close?”
Reported Tom wanted to know what time the banks closed. In reported questions the verb usually changes to the past (were, closed). For more information about this see Unit 45.
Now study these examples. Here are some questions you were asked at a job interview:
Are you presently? Can you type? What do you do in your spare time?
How long have you been working in your present job? Why did you apply for the job?
Why did you apply for the job? Do you have a driver’s license?
Now you tell a friend (in reported speech) what the interviewer asked you:
She asked (me) if I was presently employed.
She asked whether (or if) I had a driver’s license.
She wanted to know whether (or if) I could type.
She wanted to know how long I had been working in my present job.
She asked (me) what I did in my spare time.
She asked (me) why I had applied for the job. (or why I applied)
UNIT 48 Exercises
48.1 Make a new sentence from these questions.
Example: Where has Tom gone? Do you know where Tom has gone?
1. Where is the post office? Could you tell me ______________________________?
2. What does this word mean? Do you know ______________________________?
3. What time is it? I wonder ______________________________?
4. Where did you park your car? Can’t you remember ______________________________?
5. Is Ann coming to the meeting? I don’t know ______________________________?
6. Where does Jack live? Do you have any idea ______________________________?
7. What time did he leave? Do you know ______________________________?
8. Where can I change some money? Could you tell me ______________________________?
9. What qualifications do I need? I want to know ______________________________
10. Why didn’t Mary come to the party? I want to know ______________________________
11. How much does it cost to park here? Do you know ______________________________?
48.2 You are making a phone call. You want to speak to Sue, but she isn’t there. Someone else answers the phone. You want to know three things: (1) Where has she gone? (2) When will she be back? (3) Did she go out alone? Complete the conversation:
1. “Do you know ______________________________?” “Sorry. I have no idea.”
2. “Never mind. I don’t suppose you know ______________________________” “No, I’m afraid I don’t.”
3. “One more thing. Do you happen to know ______________________________?”
“I’m afraid I didn’t see her go out.”
48.3 You have been away for a while and have just come back to your hometown. You meet Jerry, a friend of yours. He asks you lots of questions:
1.How are you? 2. How long have you been back? 3.What are you doing now?
4.Where are you living? 5. Are you glad to be back? 6. Are you going away again?
7. Why did you come back? 8. Do you still smoke? 9. Can you come to dinner on Friday?
Now you tell another friend what Jerry asked you. Use reported speech.
1. He asked me how I was.
2. He asked me ______________________________
3. He asked ______________________________
4. He ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 17-8-2009 09:48
UNIT 49 Auxiliary verbs in short answers/questions, etc.: So/Neither am I, etc.
a. an you swim? I have lost my key. He might not come. In these sentences can, have, and might are auxiliary (= helping) verbs. We often use auxiliary verbs when we don’t want to repeat something:
“Are you working tomorrow?” “Yes, I am.” (=I am working tomorrow.)
He could lend us the money, but he won’t. (= he won’t lend us the money)
Use do/does/did for simple present and past short answers:
“Does he smoke?” “He did, but he doesn’t anymore.”
b. We use auxiliary verbs in short questions:
“It rained every day during our vacation.” “Did it?”
“Ann isn’t feeling very well today.” “Oh, isn’t she?”
“I’ve just seen Tom.” “Oh, have you? How is he?” These short questions (Did it?, isn’t she?, have you?) are not real questions. We use them to show polite interest in what someone has said, and they help to keep the conversation going. Sometimes we use short questions to show surprise:
“Jim and Sue are getting married.” “Are they? Really?”
c. We also use auxiliary verbs with so and neither:
“I’m feeling tired.” “So am I.” (= I am feeling tired too)
“I never read newspapers.” “Neither do I.” (= I never read them either)
Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject):
I passed the exam and so did Tom. (not so Tom did) Nor can be used instead or neither:
“I can’t remember her name.” “Nor can I./ Neither can I.”
Not … either can be used instead or neither and nor:
“I don’t have any money?” “Neither do I.” or “I don’t either.” d. I think so/hope so, etc.
We use so in this way after a number of verbs, especially think, hope, guess, suppose, and I’m afraid:
“Is she Canadian?” “I think so.”
“Will Eric come?” “I guess so.”
“Has Ann been invited to the party?” “I suppose so.” The negative form depends on the verb:
I think so -- I don’t think so
I hope so/I’m afraid so -- I hope not/I’m afraid not
I guess -- I guess not
I suppose so -- I don’t suppose so or I suppose not
“Is she Italian?” “I don’t think so.”
“Is it going to rain?” “I hope not. (not I don’t hope so)”
“Are you going to drive in this snowstorm?” “I guess not.” UNIT 49 Exercises
49.1 You are talking go someone. Answer him or her in the way shown.
Examples: I’m hungry. Are you? I’m not
I’m not tired. Aren’t you? I am.
1. I like Brian. _________________________________________
2. I can’t ride a horse. _________________________________________
3. I have plenty of friends. _________________________________________
4. I didn’t enjoy the movie very much. _________________________________________
5. I’d get married if I were Tom. _________________________________________
6. I don’t like living in the city. _________________________________________
7. I’m not going to have anything to eat. _________________________________________
8. I’ve never been to Korea. _________________________________________
9. I thought the exam was easy. _________________________________________
49.2 You are talking to a friend. You both have the same ideas, taste, etc. Use So… or Neither… each time.
Examples: I’m feeling tired. So am I. I don’t like eggs. Neither do I.
1. I need a vacation. ____________
2. I don’t like milk. ____________
3. I couldn’t get up this morning.
________________________
4. I’d love a cup of tea. ____________
5. I’ve never been to Africa. ________
6. I was sick yesterday. ____________
7. I should smoke less. ____________
8. I spent the whole evening watching television. ____________
9. I didn’t know that Ann was in the hospital. ____________
49.3 You are B in each conversation. Read the information in parentheses (…), then answer with I think so, I hope not, etc.
Example: (You hate rain.) A: Is it going to rain? Bhope) I hope not.
1. (You need more money quickly.) A: Do you think you’ll get a raise soon?
B: (hope) _________________________________________
2. (You think Tom will probably get the job he applied for.)
A: Do you think Tom will get the job he applied for. B: (guess) _____________________
3. (You’re not sure whether Jill is married – probably not.) A: Is Jill married?
B: (think) _________________________________________
4. (You don’t have any money.) A: Can you lend me some money? B: (afraid) _______________
5. (Your friend’s sister has been badly injured in an accident.) A: Is she badly injured?
B: (afraid) _________________________________________
6. (Ann normally works every day, Monday to Friday – tomorrow is Wednesday.)
A: Is Ann working tomorrow? B guess) _________________________________________
7. (You’re in a hurry to catch your train – it’s important that you don’t miss it.)
A: Do you think we’re going to miss the train? B: (hope) __________________________
8. (You’re not sure, but the concert probably begins at 7:30.)
A: Does the concert begin at 7:30? B: (think) _________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 18-8-2009 11:36
UNIT 50 Tag questions (are you? Doesn’t he?, etc.)
a. You’re not working late, are you? It was a good film, wasn’t it? Are you? and wasn’t it? are tag question (= mini-question that we put on the end of a sentence). In tag questions we use the auxiliary verb (see Unit 49). For the present and past use do/does/did: They came by car, didn’t they?
b. Normally we use a positive tag question with a negative sentence:
Negative sentence + positive tag
Tom won’t be late, will be?
They don’t like us, do they?
That isn’t George over there, is it? And normally we use a negative tag question with a positive sentence:
positive sentence + negative tag
Ann will be here soon, won’t she?
Tom should pass his exam, shouldn’t he?
They were very angry, weren’t they? Notice the meaning of yes and no in answers to tag questions:
You’re not going to work today, are you? Yes, (= I am going)
No, (= I’m not going)
c. The meaning of a tag question depends on how you say it. If he voice goes down, you aren’t really asking a question; you are only asking the other person to agree with you:
“Tom doesn’t look very well today, does he?” “No, he looks awful.”
She’s very attractive. She has beautiful eyes, doesn’t she? But if the voice goes up, it is a real question:
“You haven’t seen Ann today, have you?” “No, I’m afraid I haven’t.” (= Have you seen Ann today?) We often use a negative sentence + positive tag to ask for things or information, or to ask someone to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these:
“You wouldn’t have a cigarette, would you?” “Yes, here you are.”
“You couldn’t do me a favor, could you?” “It depends what it is.”
“You don’t know where Ann is, do you?” “Sorry, I have no idea.”
d. After Let’s… the tag question is shall we? After the imperative (do/don’t do something) the tag is will you?
Open the door, will you? Notice that we say aren’t I? (= am I out):
I’m late, aren’t I?
UNIT 50 Exercises
50.1 Put a tag question on the end of each sentence.
Examples: Tom won’t be late, will he? They were very angry, weren’t they?
1. Ann’s on vacation, ___________?
2. You weren’t listening, ___________?
3. Sue doesn’t like onions, ___________?
4. Jack applied for the job, ___________?
5. You have a camera, ___________?
6. You can type, ___________?
7. He won’t mind if I leave early, _______?
8. Tom could help you, ___________?
9. There are a lot of people here, ________?
10. Let’s have dinner, ___________? (do we？）
11. This isn’t very interesting, __________?
12. I’m too fat, ___________?
13. You wouldn’t tell anyone, ___________?
14. I shouldn’t have gotten angry, ________?
15. They had to go home, ___________?
16. He’d never seen you before, _________?
50.2 Read the situation and then write a sentence with a tag question. In each example you are asking your listener to agree with you.
Example: You are with a friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices. It’s very expensive. What do you say? It’s very expensive, isn’t it?
1. You look out of the window. It’s a beautiful day. What do you say to your friend? It’s __________________________
2. You’ve just come out of a movie theater with your friend. You both really enjoyed the movie. You thought it was great. What do you say? The movie __________________________
3. Bob’s hair is much shorter. Clearly he has had his hair cut. What do you say to him? You __________________________
4. You are shopping. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror: it doesn’t look very good. What do you say to your friend? It __________________________
5. You are talking about Bill. You know that Bill works very hard. Everyone knows this. What do you say about Bill? Bill __________________________
50.3 In these situations you are asking people for information, asking people to do things, etc. Make sentences like those in section c. Example: You want a cigarette. Perhaps Tom has one. Ask him.
Tom, you don’t have a cigarette, do you?
1. Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps. Ask him.
Jack, you couldn’t __________________________
2. You’re looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. Ask him.
Alan, you __________________________
3. You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. Ask him.
Tom, __________________________
4. Ann has a car, and you don’t want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. Ask her.
Ann __________________________
5. You’re looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. Ask her __________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 19-8-2009 11:32
UNIT 51 Verb + ing
a. stop enjoy dislike admit consider miss finish mind imagine deny involve postpone delay suggest regret avoid practice risk If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + -ing:
Stop talking!
I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished cleaning the apartment.
I don’t miss working late every night.
Have you ever considered going to live in another country?
I can’t imagine George riding a motorcycle.
When I’m on vacation, I enjoy not having to get up early.
The following expressions also take –ing:
give up (= stop) keep or keep on (= do something continuously or repeatedly)
go on (= continue) put off (= postpone)
Are you going to give up smoking?
He kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking. Note the passive form (being done/being seen/being told, etc.):
I don’t mind being told what to do.
You cannot normally use the infinitive (to do/to dance, etc.) after these verbs and expressions:
I enjoy dancing. (not to dance)
Would you mind closing the door? (not to close)
Jill suggested going to the movies. (not to go)
b. When you are talking about finished actions, you can also say having done/having stolen, etc. But it is not necessary to use this form. You can also use the simple –ing form for finished actions:
He admitted stealing (or having stolen) the money.
They now regret getting (or having gotten) married.
c. With some of the verb in this unit (especially admit, deny, regret, and suggest) you can also use a that… structure:
He denied that he had stolen the money. (or denied stealing)
Jill suggested that we go to the movies. (or suggested going)
For suggest see also Unit 33
For verbs + -ing see also Unit 54 and 55
UNIT 51 Exercises 51.1 Complete the sentences with these verbs:
try steal meet look write make be run wash play eat splash go drive take
Example: Do you miss playing tennis every afternoon?
1. Could you please stop ________ tennis every afternoon?
2. I don’t enjoy ________ letters.
3. Does your job involve ________ a lot of people?
4. I considered ________ the job, but in the end I decided against it.
5. If you use the shower, try and avoid ________ water on the floor.
6. Jack gave up ________ to be an actor and decided to become a teacher.
7. Have you finished ________ your hair yet?
8. The phone rang white Ann was having dinner. She didn’t answer it; she just went to ________
9. She admitted ________ the car but denied ________ it dangerously.
10. Why do you keep on ________ at me like that?
11. They had to postpone ________ away because their son was sick.
12. If you cross the street without looking, you risk ________ over by a car.
51.2 Rend each sentence and write a second sentence with the same meaning. Begin your sentence in the way shown.
Examples: Do you have to travel in your job? Does your job involve traveling?
He is sorry now that he didn’t study harder when he was in college.
He now regrets not studying harder when he was in college.
1. Maybe I’ll go out this evening. I wouldn’t mind _______________________?
2. Are you sorry you didn’t take the job? Do you regret _______________________?
3. Why don’t you go away tomorrow instead of today?
Why don’t you put off _______________________ until _______________________?
4. It’s not a good idea to travel during the rush hour. It’s better to avoid _____________________?
5. Could you turn the radio down, please? Would you mind _______________________?
6. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn’t have a license.
The driver of the car admitted _______________________?
7. Sue said, “Let’s have fish for dinner.” Sue suggested _______________________
51.3 Now make your own sentences. Complete each sentence using –ing.
Example: I really enjoy going for long walks in the country.
1. On weekends I enjoy _______________________
2. I dislike _______________________
3. I often regret _______________________
4. Learning English involves _______________________
5. I think people should stop _______________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 21-8-2009 07:46
UNIT 52 Verb + infinitive
a. agree offer decide appear forget need refuse attempt plan seem learn(how) mean refuse attempt pretend dare intend threaten fail hope afford tend If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + infinitive:
It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
I like George, but I think he tends to talk too much.
How old were you when you learned to drive? (or learned how to drive)
They agreed to lend me some money when I told them the position I was in.
He’s lazy. He needs to work harder.
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt you. Note these examples with the negative not to …:
We decided not to go out because of the weather.
She pretended not to see me as she passed me on the street. With other important verbs you cannot use the infinitive. For example think and suggest:
Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy)
Jill suggested going to the movies. (not suggest to go)
b. There is a continuous in infinitive (to be doing) and a prefect infinitive (to have done). We use these especially after seem, appear, and pretend:
I pretended to be reading. (= I pretended that I was reading)
You seem to have lost weight. (= it seems that you have lost weight)
He appears to be doing a good job. (= it appears that he is doing a good job)
c. Dare: You can say dare to do or dare do (without to):
I wouldn’t dare to ask him. or I wouldn’t dare ask him.
d. After the following verbs you can use a question word (what/where/how, etc.) + infinitive:
ask decide know remember forget explain understand
We asked
Have you decided
Tom explained (to me)
I don’t know
how
where
how
whether
to get
to go
to change
to go
to the station.
for your vacation?
the tire on the car.
to the party or not.
Also: show/tell/ask someone what/how/where to do something:
Can someone show me how to change the film in this camera?
Ask Jack. He’ll tell you what to do.
For verbs + infinitive see also Units 53 – 55
UNIT 52 Exercises
52.1 Complete each sentence with an appropriate verb.
Example: Don’t forget to mail the letter I gave you.
1. Tom refused ____________ me any money.
2. Jill has decided not ____________ a car.
3. The thief got into the house because I forgot ____________ the window.
4. There was a lot of traffic but we managed ____________ to the airport in time.
5. One day I’d like to learn ____________ an airplane.
6. I shouted to him. He pretended not ____________ me, but I’m sure he did.
7. Why hasn’t Sue arrived yet? She promised not ____________ late.
8. Our neighbor threatened ____________ the police if we didn’t stop making noise.
9. Ann offered ____________ care of our children while we were out.
10. The teacher was very strict. Nobody dared ____________ during his class.
11. I don’t need ____________ to the meeting, do I?
12. Oh no! I meant ____________ some eggs, but I forgot.
52.2 This time make sentences with seem and appear.
Examples: Is he waiting for someone? He appears to be waiting for someone.
Has she lost weight? She seems to have lost weight.
1. Is Tom worried about something? He seems ________________________
2. Does Ann like Jack? She appears ________________________
3. Is that man looking for something? He appears ________________________
4. Has that car broken down? It seems ________________________
5. Have they gone out? They appear ________________________
52.3 Now use the structure in section d. Complete each sentence using what or how with one of the following verb: do say get use ride cook
Example: Do you know how to get to John’s house?
1. Have you decided what___________ for dinner this evening?
2. Can you show me ___________ the washing machine?
3. Do you know ___________ if there’s a fire in the building?
4. You’ll never forget ___________ a bicycle once you’ve learned.
5. I was really astonished. I didn’t know ___________
52.4 Now make your own sentences. Complete each sentence with the infinitive.
Example: This evening I plan to go to the theater.
1. Not many people can afford. _________________________________
2. I would like to learn _________________________________
3. One day I hope _________________________________
4. I wouldn’t dare _________________________________
5. Sometimes I tend _________________________________
6. I intend _________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 22-8-2009 09:15
UNIT 53 Verb + object + infinitive a. want ask expect help would like would prefer
There are two possible structures after these verbs:
verb + infinitive
I asked to see the manager.
We expected to be late.
He would like to come. verb + object + infinitive
I asked Tom to help me.
We expected him to be late
He would like me to come
After help you can use the verb with or without to:
Can somebody help me (to) move this table? Be especially carefully with want. Don’t say “want that …” :
Everyone wanted him to win the race. (not wanted that he won)
Do you want me to come early? (not want that I come)
b. tell remind force enable persuade order warn invite teach (how) get (= persuade)
These verbs have the structure verb + object + infinitive:
Remind me to call Ann tomorrow.
Who taught you (how) to drive?
He warned me not to touch anything.
I got Jack to fix my car. Here is an example in the passive:
I was warned not to touch anything.
You cannot use suggest with the infinitive (see also Unit 33c):
Tom suggested that I buy a car. (not Tom suggested me to buy)
c. advise encourage allow permit
There are two possible structures after these verbs. Compare:
verb + -ing (without an object)
I wouldn’t advise staying at that hotel.
They don’t allow smoking in this building.
(= Smoking is not allowed in this building)
verb + object + infinitive
I wouldn’t advise you to stay at that hotel
They don’t allow you to smoke in this building.
(= You are not allowed to smoke in this building.)
d. Make and let
These verbs have the structure verb + base form (do, read, etc.):
Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable. (= causes me to feel)
I only did it because they made me do it. (= forced me to do it)
She wouldn’t let me read the letter. (= allow me to read) Do not use to after make and let:
They made me do it. (not they made me to do it)
Tom let me drive his car yesterday. (not Tom let me to drive) But in the passive make is followed by to (to do):
I only did it because I was made to do it.
UNIT 53 Exercises 53.1 Read each sentence and write a second sentence from the words given.
Example: Jill didn’t have any money.
She/want/Ann/lend her some She wanted Ann to lend her some.
1. Tom’s parents were disappointed when he decided to leave home.
they/want/Tom/stay with them ___________________________
2. Please don’t tell anyone that I’m leaving my job.
I/not/want/anyone/know ___________________________
3. There’s a football game next Saturday between Army and Navy.
you/want/Navy/win? ___________________________
4. Unfortunately someone had told Sue that I was going to visit her.
I/want/it/be a surprise
53.2 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
Examples: “Don’t touch anything,” the man said to me.
The man told me not to touch anything.
My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
1. “Don’t forget to mail the letter,” Jack said to me. Jack reminded ______________________
2. She told me that it would be best if I told the police about the accident.
She advised ___________________________
3. I told you that you shouldn’t tell him anything. I warned ___________________________
4. I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect ___________________________
5. “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Tom said to Ann.
Tom invited ___________________________
6. At first I didn’t want to play tennis, but Jane persuaded me. Jan persuaded __________________
7. The sudden noise caused me to jump. The sudden noise made ___________________________
8. If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily.
Having a car enables ______________________________________________________
9. She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. She wouldn’t let ___________________________
53.3 Put the verb in the right form: -ing (doing), base form (do), or infinitive (to do).
Example: Mr. Thomas doesn’t allow smoking (smoke) in his office.
1. Mr. Thomas doesn’t let anyone _________ (smoke) in his office.
2. I don’t know Jack, but I’d like _________ (meet) him.
3. Where would you advise me _________ (go) for my vacation?
4. I don’t advise _________ (eat) in that restaurant. The food’s awful.
5. The film was very sad. It made me _________(cry).
6. Linda’s parents have always encouraged her _________ (study) hard.
7. We were kept at the police station for an hour and the allowed _________ (go).
8. Everybody helped _________ (clean) up after the party.
little confused about answer, post my answer later, welcome to discuss作者: smallmoon 时间: 23-8-2009 08:25
UNIT 53 Exercises
53.1 Read each sentence and write a second sentence from the words given.
Example: Jill didn’t have any money.
She/want/Ann/lend her some She wanted Ann to lend her some.
1. Tom’s parents were disappointed when he decided to leave home.
they/want/Tom/stay with them ________they want Tom to stay with them___________________
2. Please don’t tell anyone that I’m leaving my job.
I/not/want/anyone/know ____________I want to leave my job_______________
3. There’s a football game next Saturday between Army and Navy.
you/want/Navy/win? _____________Do you want anvy to win______________
4. Unfortunately someone had told Sue that I was going to visit her.
I/want/it/be a surprise
I want it to be a surprise
53.2 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
Examples: “Don’t touch anything,” the man said to me.
The man told me not to touch anything.
My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
1. “Don’t forget to mail the letter,” Jack said to me. Jack reminded _me to mail the letter_________ 2. She told me that it would be best if I told the police about the accident.
She advised __me to tell police about the accident_________________________
3. I told you that you shouldn’t tell him anything. I warned _you to tell him nothing_________________________
4. I was surprised that it rained. I didn’t expect rainning_________________________
5. “Would you like to have dinner with me?” Tom said to Ann.
Tom invited _me to dinner__________________________
6. At first I didn’t want to play tennis, but Jane persuaded me. Jan persuaded _me to play tennis_________________
7. The sudden noise caused me to jump. The sudden noise made __me jump_________________________
8. If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily.
Having a car enables you travel around more easily____________________________________________________
9. She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. She wouldn’t let _me_read the letter________________________
53.3 Put the verb in the right form: -ing (doing), base form (do), or infinitive (to do).
Example: Mr. Thomas doesn’t allow smoking (smoke) in his office.
1. Mr. Thomas doesn’t let anyone _smoke________ (smoke) in his office.
2. I don’t know Jack, but I’d like __meeting_______ (meet) him.
3. Where would you advise me _to go________ (go) for my vacation?
4. I don’t advise __eatting_______ (eat) in that restaurant. The food’s awful.
5. The film was very sad. It made me _____cry____(cry).
6. Linda’s parents have always encouraged her _to study________ (study) hard.
7. We were kept at the police station for an hour and the allowed __going_______ (go).
8. Everybody helped to clean_________ (clean) up after the party.作者: smallmoon 时间: 23-8-2009 08:35
UNIT 54 Infinitive or –ing? (1) – like, would like, etc. a. like hate love can’t bear can’t stand
After these verbs and expressions you can use –ing or the infinitive.
I like getting up early. or I like to get up early.
I love meeting people. or I love to meet people.
I hate washing dishes. or I hate to wash dishes.
She can’t stand being alone. or She can’t stand to be alone.
He can’t bear living in the city. or He can’t bear to live in the city.
b. dislike enjoy mindAfter these verbs you can use –ing, but not the infinitive:
I enjoy being alone. (not enjoy to be)
Why do you dislike living here? (not dislike to live)
Tom doesn’t mind working at night. (not mind to work)
c. Would like is followed by the infinitive:
I would like to be rich.
Would you like to come to a party? Notice the difference in meaning between I like and I would like. I would like is a polite way of saying I want. Compare:
See also Unit 30. We also use the infinitive after would love/hate/prefer:
Would you prefer to have dinner now or later?
I’d love to be able to travel around the world.
d. You can also say “I would like to have done something” (= I regret that I didn’t or couldn’t do something):
It’s too bad we didn’t visit Tom. I would like to have seen him again.
We’d like to have taken a vacation, but we didn’t have enough money.
The same structure is possible after would love/hate/prefer:
Poor Jim! I would hate to have been in his position.
I’d love to have gone to the party, but it was impossible.
We went to a restaurant but I didn’t enjoy it. I’d prefer to have eaten at home
UNIT 54 Exercises 54.1 Answer these questions using the verbs given:
Examples: Why don’t you ever fly? (hate) I hate flying. or I hate to fly.
Why doesn’t Tom go to the movies so often? (like) He like going to the movies. or He likes to go to the movies.
1. Why do you always wear a hat? (like) I _____________________________
2. Why does Ann watch television so often? (enjoy) She _____________________________
3. Why don’t you ever stay up late? (not/like) _____________________________
4. Why does Jack take so many pictures? (like) _____________________________
5. Why don’t you work in the evenings? (hate) _____________________________
54.2 Put the verb into the correct form: -ing or infinitive. Sometimes either form is possible.
Examples: I enjoy being (be) alone.
Would you like to come (come) to a party?
1. Do you mind __________ (travel) such a long distance to work every day?
2. Beth loves __________ (cook), but she hates __________ (clean) up.
3. I don’t like that house. I would hate __________ (live) there.
4. Do you like__________ (drive)?
5. When I have to catch a plane, I’m always worried about missing it. So I like __________ (get) to the airport in plenty of time.
6. I very much enjoy __________ (listen) to classical music.
7. I would love __________ (come) to your wedding, but it just isn’t possible.
8. Sometime I’d like __________ (learn) to play the guitar.
54.3 Make your own sentences. Say whether you like or don’t like the things in parentheses (…). Choose one of these verbs for each of your sentences:
(don’t) like love hate enjoy don’t mind
Example: (reading) I like reading very much.
1. (playing cards) I _____________________________
2. (learning languages) _____________________________
3. (visiting museums) _____________________________
4. (lying on the beach in the sun) _____________________________
5. (shopping) _________________________________________________________
54.4 Now write sentences like those in section c.
Example: It’s too bad I couldn’t go to the wedding. (like)
1. It’s too bad I didn’t meet Ann. (love) I would love _____________________________
2. I’m glad I didn’t lose my watch. (hate) I _____________________________
3. I’m glad I wasn’t alone. (not/like) _____________________________
4. It’s too bad I couldn’t’ go by train. (prefer) _____________________________
5. It’s too bad I didn’t see the movie. (like) _____________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 24-8-2009 12:11
UNIT 55 Infinitive or –ing? (2) –begin, start, continue, remember, try
a. begin start continue These verbs can usually be followed by –ing or the infinitive. So you can say:
The baby began crying. or The baby began to cry.
It has started raining. or It has started to rain.
He continued working after his illness. or He continued to work after his illness.
b. Remember to do and remember doing You remember to do something before you do it. Remember to do something is the opposite of “forget to do something”:
I remembered to lock the door before I left, but I forgot to shut the windows. (= I remember to lock the door, and then I locked it)
Please remember to mail the letter. (= don’t forget to mail it) You remember doing something after you do it. I remember doing something = I did something, and now I remember it:
I clearly remember locking the door before I left. (= I locked it, and now I clearly remember this)
He could remember driving along the road just before the accident happened, but he couldn’t remember the accident itself.
c. Try to do and try doing Try to do = attempt to do, make an effort to do:
I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.
Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep. Try doing
Try also means “do something as an experiment or test”:
Try some of this tea – maybe you’ll like it. (= drink some of it to see if you like it)
We tried every hotel in town, but they were all full. (= we went to every hotel to see if they had a room)
If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try –ing:
“I can’t find anywhere to live.” “Why don’t you try putting an ad in the newspaper?” (= do this to see if it helps you to find a place to live)
I’ve got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin, but it didn’t help. (= I took an aspirin to see if it would stop my headache)
UNIT 55 Exercises
55.1 Here is some information about Tom when he was a child.
1. He was in the hospital when he was four.
2. He went to Los Angeles when he was eight.
3. He fell into the lake.
4. He cried on his first day of school.
5. He said he wanted to be a doctor.
6. He was bitten by a dog.
He can still remember 1, 2 and 4. But he can’t remember 3, 5 and 6. Make sentences beginning He can remember …or he can’t remember …
1. He can remember being in the hospital.
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
55.2 Your friend has some problems, and you have to be helpful. For each problem write a question with try.
Example: I can’t find a place to live. (put an ad in the newspaper)
Have you tried putting an ad in the newspaper?
1. My electric shaver is not working. (change the batteries)
Have you tried _____________________________
2. I can’t contact Fred. He’s not at home. (phone him at work)
Have you _____________________________
3. I’m having trouble sleeping at night. (take sleeping pills)
Have _____________________________
4. The television picture isn’t very good. (move the antenna)
_____________________________
55.3 Put the verb into correct form: -ing or the infinitive. (Sometimes either form is possible.)
Examples: Please remember to mail (mail) this letter.
1. A: You lent me some money a few mouths ago.
B: Did I? That’s strange. I don’t remember _______ (lend) you any money.
2. We tried _______ (put) the fire out, but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire department.
3. When you see Liz, remember _______ (give) her my regards, will you?
4. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember _______ (leave) it by the window and now it’s gone.
5. When she saw what had happened, she began _______ (laugh) loudly.
6. Sue needed some money. She tried _______ (ask) Gerry, but he couldn’t help her.
7. He tried _______ (reach) the shelf, but I he wasn’t tall enough.
8. “Did you remember _______ (call) Ann?” “Oh no, I completely forgot.”3
9. I asked them to be quiet, but they continued _______ (make) a lot of noise.作者: smallmoon 时间: 25-8-2009 09:02
UNIT 56 Preposition + -ing a. If a verb comes after a preposition (in/at/with/about, etc.), the verb ends in –ing. Study these examples:
Are you interested in
I’m not very good at
I’m fed up with
The children are excited about
What are the advantages of
This knife is only for
John went to work in spite of
I bought a new bicycle instead of
Working for us?
learning languages.
studying
going on vacation.
Having a car?
cutting bread.
feeling sick. (see Unit 104.)
going away on vacation
b. You can use –ing with before and after:
Before going out I called Ann.
You can also say: “Before I went out I …”
What did you do after leaving school?
You can also say: “… after you left school?”
c. You can use by –ing to say how something happened:
They got into the house by breaking a kitchen window and climbing in.
You can improve your English by doing a lot of reading.
d. You can use by –ing after without:
Jim left without finishing his dinner.
She ran five miles without stopping.
He climbed through the window without anybody seeing him. (or … without being seen.)
She needs to work without people disturbing her. (or … without being disturbed.)
It’s nice to go on vacation without having to worry about money.
e. To is a part of the infinitive. For example:
They decided to go out. I want to play tennis.
But to is also a preposition. For example:
Tom went to Hawaii. I prefer cities to the country.
He gave the book to Mary. I’m looking forward to the weekend.
If a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in –ing (see section a). So, if to is a preposition and it is followed by a verb, you must say to –ing. For example:
I prefer bicycling to driving. (not to drive)
I’m looking forward to seeing Sue again. (not to see)
For be/get used to –ing see Unit 59.
UNIT 56 Exercises
56.1 Read the sentence and then write a second sentence with the same meaning. Each time begin in the way shown.
Example: I called Ann, and then I went out. After I called Ann, I went out.
1. Liz went to bed, but first she had a hot drink. Before ____________________________
2. The plane took off, and soon afterward it crashed. Soon after ____________________________
3. We didn’t eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead. Instead of ________________________
4. You put people’s lives in danger if you drive dangerously.
You put people’s lives in danger by ____________________________
5. He hurt his leg, but the managed to win the race. In spite of ____________________________
6. Bill is a very good cook. Bill is very good at ____________________________
7. I don’t intend to lend her any money. I have no intention of ____________________________
8. George exercised more, and lost 10 pounds. By ____________________________
9. She was angry with me because I was late. She was angry with me for _____________________
10. Jane thinks that doing nothing is better than working. Jane prefers doing nothing to ____________________________
56.2 Read each situation and then write a sentence with without –ing.
Examples: She ran five miles. She didn’t stop. She ran five miles without stopping.
He left the room. Nobody saw him. He left the room without anyone seeing him.
1. He translated the article. He didn’t use a dictionary.
He translated the article without ____________________________
2. Look right and left before you cross the street. Don’t cross ____________________________
3. She got married. Nobody knew about it. She ____________________________
56.3 This time read each situation and write a sentence with look forward to.
Examples: You are going on vacation next week. How do you feel about this?
I’m looking forward to going on vacation.
She is taking an exam next week. She’s not very happy about it. How does she feel about it? She is not looking forward to taking the exam.
1. A good friend is coming to visit you soon, so you will see him/her again. How do you feel about this? I’m ____________________________________________________
2. You are going to the dentist. You don’t like visits to the dentist. How do you feel about it? ________________________________________________________
3. Carol is a student. She hates school, and she is graduating next summer. How does she feel about this? She ________________________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 26-8-2009 07:41
UNIT 57 Verb + preposition + -ing
a. Many verbs have the structure verb (V) + preposition (P) + object. For example, talk about:
We talked about the problem. (The problem is the object)
If the object is another verb, it ends in –ing:
We talked about going to Japan. (V+P+ -ing)
Here are some more verbs that have the structure V + P + -ing:
Succeed in
Has Tom succeeded in finding a job yet?
Feel like*
I don’t feel like going out tonight.
Think about/of
Are you thinking of/about buying a house?
Dream of
I’ve always dreamed of being rich.
Approve/disapprove of
She doesn’t approve of smoking.
Look forward to
I’m looking forward to meeting her.
Insist on
She insisted on buying me a cup of coffee.
Decide against
We decided against moving to California.
Apologize for
He apologized for keeping me waiting.
* I feel like doing = I’d like to do, I’m in the mood to do.
We say “apologize to someone for something”:
He apologized to me for keeping me waiting. (not he apologized me) With some of these verbs you can also use the structure verb + preposition + someone + -ing.
For example:
We are all looking forward to Peter (or Peter’s) coming home.
She doesn’t approve of her son (or son’s) staying out late at night.
They insisted on me (or my) staying with them. (See also Unit 33c.)
b. These verbs have the structure verb + object + preposition + -ing:
accuse
They accused me of telling lies.
suspect
Did they suspect the man of being a spy?
congratulate
I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.
prevent
What prevented him from coming to the wedding?
stop We stopped everyone from leaving the building.
thank I thanked her for being so helpful.
forgive Please forgive me for not writing to you.
warn They warned us against buying the car. Some of these verbs are often used in the passive:
I was accused of telling lies.
Was the man suspected of being a spy?
We were warned against buying it.
UNIT 57 Exercises
57.1 Write the correct preposition and put the verb into the correct form. Use the verb in parentheses (…) at the end of each sentence.
Example: Jack insisted an going out by himself. (go)
1. After a long time we eventually succeeded _________ an apartment. (find)
2. I’ve been thinking _________ for a new job. (look)
3. His parents didn’t approve _________ his _________ out so late. (stay)
4. I wonder what prevented him _________ to the party. (come)
5. I’m getting hungry. I’m looking forward _________ dinner. (have)
6. I don’t feel _________ today. (study)
7. Forgive me _________ you, but I must ask you a question. (interrupt)
8. The arrested man was suspected _________ into a house. (break)
9. Have you ever thought _________ married? (get)
10. I’ve always dreamed _________ on a small island in the Pacific. (live)
11. The cold water didn’t stop her _________ for a swim. (go)
12. Have you ever been accused _________ a crime? (commit)
13. She apologized _________ so rude to me .(be)
14. We have decided _________ a new car because we can’t afford one. (buy)
57.2 Change direct speech into reported speech. Begin each of your sentences in the way shown.
Example: “It was nice of you to help me. Thanks very much.” (George said to you)
George thanked me for helping him.
1. “I’ll drive you to the airport. I insist.”(Tom said to Ann) Tom insisted ______________________
2. “I hear you passed your exams. Congratulations!” (Jim said to you)
Jim congratulated ____________________________________
3. “It was nice of you to visit me. Thank you.” (Mrs. Richmond said to Sue)
Mrs. Richmond thanked ____________________________________
4. “Don’t stay at the hotel near the airport.” (I said to Jack)
I warned ____________________________________
5. “I’m sorry I didn’t call you earlier.” (Margaret said to you)
Margaret apologized __________________ not __________________
6. “You didn’t pay attention to what I said.” (The teacher said to the boy)
The teacher accused ____________________________________
57.3 Now write some sentences about yourself. Use –ing
Example: Today I don’t feel like going out.
1. This evening I feel like ____________________________________
2. I’m looking forward to ____________________________________
3. I’m thinking of ____________________________________
4. I would never dream of ____________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 27-8-2009 07:52
UNIT 58 Expressions + -ing
A. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in –ing:
It’s no use…
It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.
It’s no use trying to persuade me. You won’t succeed.
There’s no point in
There’s no point in buying a car if you don’t want to drive it.
There was no point in waiting, so we we-nt.
It’s (not) worth
My house is only a short walk from here. It’s not worth taking a taxi.
It was so late when we got home, it wasn’t worth going to bed.
You can say: “a book is worth reading/a movie is worth seeing, etc.:”
Do you think this book is worth reading?
You should go and see that movie. It’s really worth seeing.
(Have) difficulty/trouble…
I had difficulty finding a place to live. (not to find)
Did you have trouble getting a visa?
People often have great difficulty reading my writing.
Remember that we say “difficulty” (not difficulties) and “trouble” (not troubles):
I’m sure you’ll have no difficulty/trouble passing the exam.
You can also say “(have) difficulty in -ing”:
He’s shy. He has difficulty in talking to people he doesn’t know well.
A waste of money/time…
It’s a waste of time reading that book. It’s trash.
It’s a waste of money buying things you don’t need.
Spend/waste (time) …
I spent hours trying to repair the clock.
I waste a lot of time daydreaming.
Go –ing
We use go –ing for a number of activities (especially sports):
go shopping go swimming go skiing go fishing go climbing go sailing go riding go sightseeing
How often do you go swimming?
I’m going skiing next year.
I have to go shopping this morning.
I’ve never been sailing.
For “I’ve been/I’ve gone” see Unit 13d.
UNIT 58 Exercises
58.1 Join two sentences to make one sentence.
Examples: Don’t worry about it. It’s no use. It’s no use worrying about it.
Don’t get a taxi. It’s not worth it. It’s not worth getting a taxi.
1. Don’t try to escape. It’s no use. It’s no use ____________________________
2. Don’t smoke. It’s a waste of money. It’s a waste ____________________________
3. Don’t ask Tom to help you. It’s no use. It’s no use ____________________________
4. Don’t hurry. It’s not worth it. It’s not worth ____________________________
5. Don’t study if you’re feeling tired. There’s not point. There’s no point _____________________
6. Don’t read newspapers. It’s a waste of time. It’s a ____________________________
7. Don’t get angry. It’s not worth it. It’s not ____________________________
8. Don’t work if you don’t need the money. There’s no point. There’s no ____________________
58.2 Make sentences with worth.
Examples: I’d read this book if I were you. This book is worth reading
I wouldn’t read this book if I were you. This book isn’t worth reading.
1. I’d visit the museum if I were you. The museum _________________________
2. I wouldn’t repair those shoes if I were you. Those shoes ____________________________
3. I wouldn’t keep these old clothes if I were you. These old clothes _________________________
4. I’d consider the plan if I were you. The plan ____________________________
58.3 Read these sentences and each time write a new sentence using difficulty or trouble.
Example: I found a place to live but it was difficult.
I had difficulty finding a place to live. Or I had trouble finding a place to live.
1. Tom finds it difficult to meet people. Tom has ____________________________
2. She found a job. This wasn’t difficult. She had no ____________________________
3. It won’t be difficult to get a ticket for the concert. You won’t have any ______________________
4. I find it difficult to understand him when he speaks quickly. I have ________________________
58.4 Complete these sentences with one of the following expressions. Put the verb into the correct form.
Go skiing go shopping go swimming go sailing go riding
1. Barry lives by the water and he has a boat, so he often goes sailing.
2. There’s plenty of snow in the mountains, so we’ll be able to __________
3. It was a very hot day, so we __________ in the river.
4. Margaret likes horses. She often __________
5. The stores are closed now. It’s too late to __________作者: smallmoon 时间: 28-8-2009 09:04
UNIT 59 Be/get used to something (I’m used to …)
a. Study this example situation:
Jane is American, but she has lived in Britain for three years. When she first drove a car in Britain, she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the left instead of on the right. Driving on the left was strange and difficult for her because:
She wasn’t used to it.
She wasn’t used to driving on the left.
After a lot of practice, driving on the left became less strange:
She got used to driving on the left.
Now after three years, driving on the left is no problem for her:
She is used to driving on the left. I’m used to something = it is not new or strange for me:
Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.
My new shoes felt a bit strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
Our new apartment is on a very busy street. I suppose we’ll get used to the noise, but at the moment we find it very annoying.
Fred has a new job. He has to get up much earlier – at 6:30. He finds this difficult right now because he isn’t used to getting up so early.
b. Notice that we say “She is used to driving on the left.” (not she is used to drive). To in be/get used to is a preposition(介词）, not a part of the infinitive (see also Unit 56e). So we say:
Frank is used to living alone. (not is used to live)
Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (not get used to drive)
c. Do not confuse I am used to doing (be/get used to) with I used to do. They are different in structure and in meaning. I am used to (doing) something = something isn’t strange for me:
I am used to the weather in this country.
I am used to driving on the left because I’ve live in Britain a long time. I used to do something means only that I did something regularly in the past (see Unit 24).
You can’t use this structure for the present. The structure is “I used to do” (not I am used to do):
Nowadays I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early
UNIT 59 Exercises 59.1 Read these situations and write three sentences with used to, as in the example.
Example: Jane is American. She went to Britain and found driving on the left difficult.
a) At first she wasn’t used to driving on the left.
b) But soon she got use to driving on the left.
c) Now she has no problem. She is used to driving on the left.
1. Juan came to the United State from Spain. In Spain he always had dinner late in the evening. But in the United States dinner was at 6:00. Juan found this strange at first.
a) At first he wasn’t ___________________________
b) But after some time he got ___________________________
c) Now he finds it normal. He ___________________________
2. Diana is a nurse. She started working nights two years ago. At first she found it strange and didn’t like it.
a) At first she ___________________________
b) But after a while ___________________________
c) Now she doesn’t mind it at all ___________________________
59.2 Read these situations an write a sentence with be/get used to.
Example: Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this. He has always lived alone.
(he/used/live/alone) He is used to living alone.
1. Ron sleeps on the floor. He doesn’t mind this. He has always slept on the floor.
(he/used/sleep/on the floor) He ___________________________
2. Sue moved from a big house to a much smaller one. What did she have to get used to?
(she had/used/live/in a smaller house) She had ___________________________
3. Jack once went to the Middle East. It was too hot for him.
(he/not/used/the heat) ______________________________________________________
4. Bill doesn’t have any money. He doesn’t find this unusual because he has never had any money.
(he/used/have/no money) ______________________________________________________
5. Amy is going to live in your country. What will she have to get used to? (Write your own answer!) She’ll have to ______________________________________________________
59.3 Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or infinitive (I am used to doing or I used to do.) If necessary, study Unit 24 first.
Examples: Jane had to get used to driving on the left. (drive)
Bill used to _______ in good shape. Now he’s in terrible shape. (be)
1. When I was a child, I used to _______ swimming every day. (go)
2. It took me a long time to get used to _______ contact lenses. (wear)
3. There used to _______ a café on this corner, but it was torn down. (be)
4. I’m the boss. I’m not used to _______ told what to do. (be)
5. You’ll have to get used to _______ less if you want to lose weight. (eat)
6. I used to _______ Ann, but now she gets on my nerves. (like)
to get on somebody's nerves
(idiomatic) To annoy or irritate; to bother.
There’s an insect buzzing around in my bedroom tonight, and it’s really getting on my nerves.
7. Ron got tired very quickly. He wasn’t used to _______ so fast. (run)
8. Tom used to _______ to a lot of parties when he was a student. (go)作者: smallmoon 时间: 29-8-2009 07:21
UNIT 60 Infinitive of purpose – “I went out to mail a letter.” So that… a. We use the infinitive (to do) to talk about the purpose of doing something (= why someone does something):
I went out to mail a letter. (= because I wanted to mail a letter)
She called me to invite me to a party.
We shouted to warn everyone of the danger. We also use infinitive to talk about the purpose of something, or why someone has/wants/needs/ something:
This wall is to keep people out of the garden.
The President has two bodyguards to protect him.
I need a bottle opener to open this bottle. You can also use in order to (do something):
We shouted in order to warn everyone of the danger. Do not use for in these sentences:
I’m going to Mexico to learn Spanish. (not for learning/for to learn)
b. We also use the infinitive to say what can be done or must be done with something:
It’s usually difficult to find a place to park downtown. (= a place where you can park)
Do you have a lot of work to do this evening? (= work that you must do)
Would you like something to eat?
There were no chairs to sit on, so we all had to sit on the floor.
She is lonely. She has nobody to talk to. We also say time/opportunity/chance/money/energy to do something:
They gave me some money to buy some food. (not for buying)
Did you have time to answer all the questions on the exam?
These days I don’t get much chance to watch television. I’m too busy.
Do you have much opportunity to speak English? (= much chance to speak)
c. Sometimes you have to use so that (not the infinitive) to talk about the purpose of doing something. We use so that:
i) when the purpose is negative (so that … won’t/ wouldn’t …):
I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late. (because I didn’t want to be late)
Leave early so that you won’t (or don’t) miss the bus. ii) With can and could (so that… can/could…):
He’s learning English so that he can study in the United States.
We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often. iii) when one person does something so that another person does something else:
I gave him my address so that he could contact me.
He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him.
UNIT 60 Exercises 60.1 Use the words in parentheses (…) to answer these questions.
Example: Why did you go out? (buy some bread) I went out to buy some bread.
1. Why do you have to go the bank? (change some money)
I have to go _________________________
2. Why did she knock on your door? (wake me up) She _________________________
3. Why are you saving money? (go to Europe) I _________________________
4. Why is Ron going into the hospital? (have an operation) _________________________
5. Why are you wearing two sweaters? (keep warm) _________________________
6. Why did you go to the police station? (report that my car had been stolen) __________________________________________________
60.2 Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb.
Examples: The President has a bodyguard to protect him.
There were no chairs to sit on, so we all had to sit on the floor.
1. We are having a party _________ Ann’s birthday.
2. I didn’t have enough time _________ the newspaper today.
3. We have no furniture – not even a bed _________ in.
4. I think I need some new clothes _________.
5. Tom didn’t have enough energy _________ the mountain.
6. There will be a meeting next week _________ the problem.
7. I need a box _________ these books in.
8. It’s a shame we don’t have any pictures _________ on the wall.
9. I wish I had enough money ________ a new car.
10. We’re always busy at work. We don’t get much chance _________ to each other.
11. I’d like to have the opportunity _________ to Europe.
60.3 Write sentences with so that.
Examples: I hurried. I didn’t want to be late. I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late.
I’ll give you my number. I want you to be able to call me.
I’ll give you my number so that you can (or will be able to) call me.
1. We wore warm clothes. We didn’t want to get cold.
We wore ____________________________________
2. I spoke very slowly. I wanted the man to understand what I said.
I ____________________________________
3. I whispered. I didn’t want anyone to hear our conversation.
I__________________________________________________
4. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
Please arrive ____________________________________
5. She locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed. ____________________________________
6. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind me to be able to pass me. ____________________________________作者: easyman 时间: 29-8-2009 22:55
楼主真是牛人啊 作者: smallmoon 时间: 30-8-2009 10:03
UNIT 61 Prefer and would rather
a. Prefer to do and prefer doing You can use “prefer to do” or “prefer doing” to say what you prefer in general.
Study the difference in structure: I prefer (doing) something to (doing) something else but I prefer to do something rather than (do) something else
I prefer tea to coffee.
Tom prefers driving to traveling by train.
but: Tom prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
I prefer to live in the country rather than (live) in a city. Use would prefer to say what someone wants (to do) in a particular situation. You can say would prefer to (do) or would prefer (do)ing:
“Would you prefer tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please.”
“Should we go by train?” “Well, I’d prefer to go by car.” or “Well, I’d prefer going by car.”
b. Would rather (do) = would prefer to do. After would rather we use the base form.
Compare:
Should we go by train? Well, I’d prefer to go by car.
Well, I’d rather go by car. (not to go)
“Would you rather have tea or coffee?” “Coffee, please.”
“I’m tired. I’d rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind.”
“Do you want to go out this evening?” “I’d rather not.”
Note the structure: I’d rather do something than (do) something else
I’d rather stay at home than go to the movies.
c. Would rather someone did something When you want someone else to do something, you can say I’d rather you did… / I’d rather he did … etc. We use the past in this structure, but the meaning is present or future, not past. Compare:
I’d rather cook dinner now.
I’d rather you cooked dinner now. (not I’d rather you cook)
“Shall I stay here?” “Well, I’d rather you came with us.”
I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone what I said.
“Do you mind if I smoke?” “I’d rather you didn’t?”
UNIT 61 Exercises 61.1 Make sentences using “I prefer (something) to (something else).”
Example: (driving/traveling by train) I prefer driving to traveling by train.
1. (San Francisco/Los Angeles) I prefer San Francisco _________________________________
2. (calling people/writing letters) I prefer _________________________________
3. (going to the movies/watching movies on TV) I _________________________________
Now rewrite sentences 2 and 3 using the structure “I prefer to do (something)…”
Example: I prefer to drive rather than travel by train.
4. (2) I prefer to call _________________________________
5. (3) I __________________________________________________________________
61.2 Answer these question using I’d rather… Use the words in parentheses (…) for your answers.
Example: Would you like to walk? (go by car) I’d rather go by car.
1. Would you like to play tennis? (go for a swim) I’d ______________________
2. Do you want to watch television? (read a book) I'd ______________________
3. Shall we leave now? (wait for a few minutes) I'd___________________
4. Would you like to go to a restaurant? (eat at home) ______________________
5. Should we decide now? (think about it for while) ______________________ Now make sentences using I’d rather… than … (see section b).
Example: (walk/go by car) I’d rather walk than go by car.
6. (go for a swim/play tennis) I’d rather ______________________
7. (read a book/watch television) I ______________________
8. (wait for a few minutes/leave now) ______________________
9. (eat at home/go to a restaurant) ______________________
10. (think about it for a while/decide now) ______________________
61.3 Use “I’d rather you (did something).”
You are talking to a friend. You say you’ll do something, but really you want your to do it.
Example: I’ll cook the dinner if you really want me to, but I’d rather you cooked it.
1. I’ll call Tom if you really want me to, but I’d rather ______________________
2. I’ll do the dished if you really want me to, but ______________________
3. I’ll go to the bank if you really want me to, but ______________________
4. I’ll tell Ann what happened if you really want me to, but ________________________________ 作者: smallmoon 时间: 30-8-2009 10:05
thanks, I am flattered.作者: smallmoon 时间: 31-8-2009 08:30
UNIT 62 Had better do something It’s time someone did something
a. Had better do something
The meaning of had better (I’d better) is similar to should. “I’d better do something” = bad might happen:
I have to meet Tom in ten minutes. I’d better go now or I’ll be late.
“Should I take an umbrella?” “Yes, you’d better. It might rain.”
We’ve almost run out of gas. We’d better stop at the next gas station to fill up. The negative form is had better not (’d better not):
You don’t look very well. You’d better not go to work today.
“Are you going out tonight?” “I’d better not. I’ve got a lot of work to do.” The form is always “had better” (usually ’d better in spoken English). We say had but the meaning is present or future, not past: I’d better go to the bank this afternoon.
Remember that had better is followed by the base form (not to …):
It might rain. We’d better take an umbrella. (not better to take)
b. It’s time…
You can say “it’s time (for someone) to do something”:
It’s time to go home.
It’s time for us to go home.
There is another structure: It’s time someone did something:
It’s nearly midnight. It’s time we went home. We use the past (went) after It’s time someone…, but the meaning is present or future, not past:
Why are you still in bed? It’s time you got up. (not time you get up) We use the structure It’s time someone did something especially when we are complaining or criticizing, or when we think someone should have already done something:
It’s time the children were in bed. It’s long past their bedtime.
You’ve been wearing the same clothes for ages. Isn’t it time you bought some new ones?
I think it’s time the government did something about pollution. We also say “It’s high time someone did something.”
“It’s about time
This makes the complaint or criticism stronger:
You’re very selfish. It’s high time you realized that you’re not the most important person in the world.
It’s about time Jack did some studying for his exams.
UNIT 62 Exercises 62.1 Read each situation and write a sentence with had better.
Examples: You’re going out for a walk with Tom. You think you should take an umbrella because it might rain. What do you say to Tom? We’d better take an umbrella.
Tom doesn’t look very well. You don’t think he should go to work today. What do you say to Tom? You’d better not go to work today.
1. Mary suddenly begins to feel sick. You think she should sit down. What do you say to her?
__________________________________________________________
2. You and Tom are going to the theater. You’ve just missed the bus. You think you should take a taxi. What do you say to Tom? We __________________________________
3. Ann wants to play the piano late at night. You know that she’ll wake up the people next door. What do you say to Ann? __________________________________
4. You and Sue are going to a restaurant might be crowed. What do you say to Sue? __________________________________
5. Joe has just cut himself. You think he should put a Band-Aid on the cut. What do you say to him? __________________________________
6. You are going to take your car on your vacation. You think you should have the oil changed before you go. What do you say (to yourself)? __________________________________
7. You are by a river. It’s a hot day and your friend suggests going for a swim. You don’t think you should because the river looks dirty. What do you say? __________________________________
62.2 Write sentences with It’s time someone did something.
Examples: You think the children should be in bed. It’s already 11:00.
It’s time the children were in bed. (or went to bed)
You think something should be done about the traffic problem downtown.
It’s (about) time something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
1. You think you should take a vacation because you haven’t taken one in very long time. It’s time I __________________________________
2. You think Tom should write to his parents. He hasn’t written to them for ages. It’s time __________________________________
3. This room should be redecorated. It looks awful. It’s time __________________________________
4. You’re waiting for Ann. She is late. She should be here by now. __________________________
5. You’re sitting on a plane waiting for it to take off. It’s already five minutes late. __________________________________
6. You feel very strongly that the government should stop spending money on weapons and should concentrate on raising the standard of living. __________________________________
7. You think you should start getting dinner ready. It’s nearly dinnertime already. ??? It's time I had dinner ? right?__________________________________
8. You haven’t been to the dentist in almost a year. You should go every six months. __________________________________
[ 本帖最后由 smallmoon 于 1-9-2009 08:40 编辑 ]作者: 采薇子 时间: 31-8-2009 13:00 非常感谢楼主，我已经下载了，英语丢了很久，语法还是需要系统的再复习，一起努力~作者: smallmoon 时间: 1-9-2009 08:39
UNIT 63 See someone do and see someone doing
a. Study this example situation:
Tom got into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say:
I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.
In this structure we use the base form (get, drive, etc.):
Someone did something. I saw someone do something.
I saw this
Remember that we use the base form (not to):
I saw her go out. (not to go out)
b. Now study this example situation:
Yesterday you saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. You can say:
I saw Ann waiting for a bus.
In this structure we use –ing (waiting): Someone was doing something I saw someone doing something.
I saw this.
c. Now study the difference in meaning between the two structures: “I saw him do something” = he did something (simple past) and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to end:
He fell to the ground. I saw this. → I saw him fall to the ground.
The accident happened. We saw this. → We saw the accident happen. “I saw her doing something” = she was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw her when she was in the middle of doing something. This does not mean that I saw the complete action:
She was walking along the street. I saw this when I drove past in my car. →
I saw her walking along the street.
The difference is not always important. Sometimes you can use either form:
I’ve never seen Tom dance. or I’ve never seen Tom dancing.
d. We use these structures especially with see and hear, and also with watch, listen to, feel, and notice:
I didn’t hear you come in.
He suddenly felt someone touch him on the shoulder.
Did you notice anyone go out?
I could hear it raining.
The missing girls were last seen playing near the river.
Listen to the birds singing
After smell and find you can use the –ing structure only:
Can you smell something burning?
She found him reading her letters.
UNIT 63 Exercises 63.1 Answer these questions, beginning in the way shown.
Examples: “Does Tom ever dance?” “I’ve never seen him dance. (or dancing)”
“How do you know I came in late?” “I heard you come in late.”
1. “Does Liz ever smoke?” “I’ve never seen ____________________________”
2. “How do you know the man took the money?” “I saw ____________________________”
3. “Did Jack lock the door?” “Yes, I heard ____________________________”
4. “Did the bell ring?” “I’m not sure. I didn’t hear ____________________________”
5. “How do you know Ann can play the piano?” “I’ve heard ____________________________”
6. “Did Bill trip over the dog?” “Yes, I saw ____________________________”
Trip Over -Meaning: Fall because you hit an obstacle
Example: I TRIPPED OVER the kerb and broke my nose
7. “Did the girl fall into the river?” “I didn’t see ____________________________”
63.2 In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard, or smelled something. This is what you said at the time:
1. Look! There’s Ann! She’s waiting for a bus.
2. Look! There’s Sue! She’s playing tennis.
3. Look! There’s Tom! He’s eating in that restaurant.
4. Listen! That’s Bill. He’s playing the guitar.
5. I can smell something! Dinner’s burning!
6. Look! There’s Dave! He’s talking to Chuck.
Later you tell someone what you saw, heard, or smelled.
1. We saw Ann waiting for a bus
2. We saw ____________________________
3. ____________________________ in a restaurant.
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
6. ____________________________
63.3 Complete these sentences. Use one of the following verbs in the correct form.
run explode burn slam cry happen sit collide open tell crawl climb
1. Can you smell something burning?
2. I saw the accident happen.
3. We listened to the old woman _________ her story from beginning to end.
4. Listen! Can you hear a child _________?
5. Did anybody see the two cars _________?
6. We watched the two men ________ across the garden, _________ a window, and _________ through it into the house.
7. Everybody heard the bomb _________ It was a tremendous(very large and great) noise.
8. Oh! I can feel something _________ up my leg! It must be an insect.
9. I heard someone _________ the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up.
10. We couldn’t find Tom at first. Finally we found him _________ in the garden作者: smallmoon 时间: 2-9-2009 10:53
UNIT 64 –ing clauses – “Feeling tired, I went to bed early.” a. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some sentences have two clauses:
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
In this sentence, “I went to bed early” is the main clause.
Feeling tired is the –ing clause.
b. When two things happen at the same time, you can use –ing for one of the verbs. The main clause usually comes first:
She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. (= she was sitting, and she was reading)
I ran out of the house shouting. (= I was shouting when I ran out of the house) We also use –ing when one action happens during another. Use –ing for the longer action. The longer action is the second part of the sentence.
Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing)
I cut myself shaving. (= while I was shaving) You can also use –ing after while or when:
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. (= while he was playing)
Be careful when crossing the street. (= when you are crossing)
c. When one action happens before another action, you can use having (done) for the first action:
Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished our work, we went home.
You could also say After –ing:
After finishing our work, we went home. If the second action happens immediately after the first, you can use the simple –ing form (doing instead of having done): Talking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
These structures are used mainly in written English.
d. You can also use an –ing clause to explain something or to say why someone did something. The –ing clause usually comes first: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired)
Being unemployed, she doesn’t have much money. (= because she is unemployed)
Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. (= because she doesn’t have a car)
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the movies. (= because I had already seen it twice)
These structures are used more in written than in spoken English.
UNIT 64 Exercises 64.1 From each pair of sentences make one sentence using an –ing clause.
Example: She was sitting in an armchair. She was reading a book.
She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.
1. Jill was lying on the bed. She was crying. Jill was ____________________________
2. I got home. I was feeling very tired. I got ____________________________
3. The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself. The old man ____________________________
In these sentences one thing happens during another.
Example: Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. ____________________________
4. Ann was watching television. She fell asleep. Ann ____________________________
5. The man slipped. He was getting off the bus. The man ____________________________
6. The girl was crossing the street. She was run over. The girl ___________________________
7. The fire fighter was overcome by smoke. He was trying to put out the fire.
The fire fighter ________________________________________________________
64.2 This time make sentences beginning Having …
Example: We finished our work. We went home. Having finished our work, we went home.
1. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theater.
________________________________________________________
2. They had dinner. Then they continued on their trip.
________________________________________________________
3. Sue did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee.
________________________________________________________
64.3 Now make sentences beginning –ing or Not –ing (as in section d)
Example: I felt tired. So I went to bed early. Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
1. I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat.
Thinking ________________________________________________________
2. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.
________________________________________________________
3. I didn’t know his address. So I couldn’t contact him.
Not ________________________________________________________
4. The man wasn’t able to understand English. So he didn’t know what I said.
________________________________________________________
5. She has traveled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries.
Having ________________________________________________________
6. We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel.3
________________________________________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 3-9-2009 13:42
UNIT 65 Uncountable nouns (gold, music, advice, etc.)
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. For countable nouns see Unit 66. a. Uncountable nouns are for example: gold music blood excitement
Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. They are no plural. You cannot say “music,” “bloods,” or “excitements.”
b. Before uncountable nouns you can say the/some/any/much/this/his, etc. c. Many nouns can be used as countable or as uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference in meaning.
For example:
paper I bought a paper. (=a newspaper -- countable)
I bought some paper. (= material for writing on -- uncountable)
hair There’s a hair in my soup! (= one single hair -- countable)
She has beautiful hair. (= hair on her head -- uncountable)
experience We had many interesting experiences on our vacation. (= things that happened to us - countable)
You need experience for this job. (knowledge of something because you have done it before -- uncountable) d. Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages.
Here are the most important of these:
advice bread information permission traffic weather baggage chaos(a state of disorder,混乱） luggage progress travel work behavior furniture news scenery trouble
These nouns are uncountable, so (i) you cannot use a/an before them; and (ii) they cannot be plural:
Tom gave me some good advice. (not some good advices).
Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not furnitures)
We don’t have much luggage to carry. (not many luggages)
I’m afraid I have some bad news. (not a bad news)
Remember that news is not plural:
The news is very depressing today. (not The news are…) Do not use travel to mean trip/journey:
We had a good trip. (not a good travel)
Note these pairs of countable (C) and uncountable (UNC) nouns:
I’m looking for a job. (C) but I’m looking for work. (UNC)
What a beautiful view! (C) but What beautiful scenery! (UNC)
UNIT 65 Exercises
65.1 Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is right?
Example: Sue was very helpful. She gave me some good advice/advices. (“advice” is right)
1. Margaret has very long black hair/hairs.
2. We had a very good weather/very good weather when we were on vacation.
3. Can I help you with your luggage/luggages?
4. I want something to read. I’m going to buy a/some paper.
5. I want to write some letters. I need a/some writing paper.
6. It’s very difficult to find a work/job at the moment.
7. Bad news don’t/doesn’t make people happy.
8. Our travel/trip from Pairs to Frankfurt by train was very interesting.
9. The apartment is empty. We don’t have any furnitures/furniture yet.
10. When the fire alarm rang, there was a complete chaos/complete chaos.
11. Can I talk to you? I need an/some advice.
12. Do you have any experience/experiences in sales?
65.2 Complete these sentences using these words: progress advice hair work experience air information paper permission
Example: The room was very crowded. We had to open the windows for (some) air.
1. I don’t think Ann will get the job. She hasn’t got ______________________
2. They’ll tell you all you want to know. They’ll give you plenty of ______________________
3. You’ll recognize Alan easily. He’s got green ______________________
4. Carla’s English has improved. She has made ______________________
5. I want to write down your address. Do you have ______________________?
6. If you want to leave early, you have to ask for ______________________
7. George is unemployed at the moment. He is looking for ______________________
8. I didn’t know what to do. So I asked Jack for ______________________
65.3 Write what you would say in these situations. Each time begin in the way shown and use one of the words in section d of this unit.
Example: Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can’t see any suitcases or bags.
You say: Do you have any luggage?
1. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see in the town. You say: I’d like ____________________________________________
2. The weather is beautiful. You say: What ____________________________________________!
3. You are a student. You want your teacher to advise you about which exams to take. You say: Can you give me ____________________________________________?
4. You want to watch the news on television, but you don’t know what time it is on. You ask your friend: What time ____________________________________________?
5. You are standing at the top of a mountain. You can see a very long way. It is beautiful. You say: What ____________________________________________!作者: smallmoon 时间: 4-9-2009 11:30
UNIT 66 Countable nouns with a/an and some
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. For uncountable nouns see Unit 65. a. Countable nouns are, for example:
dog umbrella job suggestion girl
Countable nouns are things we can count. We can make them plural:
two dogs six jobs some girls many suggestions
b. Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an:
That’s a good suggestion. Do you need an umbrella? You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my, etc.):
I’m looking for a job. (not I’m looking for job)
Be careful of the dog. (not be careful of dog)
I’ve got a headache. Would you like a cigarette?
For a/an and the see Unit 67.
c. We often use a/an + noun when we say what something/someone is, or what something/someone is like:
A dog is an animal. Sue is a very nice person. This is a really beautiful house.
Jack has a big nose. What a nice dress!
Remember to use a/an for jobs:
Tom’s mother is a doctor. (not Tom’s mother is doctor)
I wouldn’t like to be an English teacher.
In sentences like these, we use plural countable nouns alone (not with some):
Tom’s parents are very nice people. (not some very nice people)
What awful shoes! Ann has blue eyes. Dogs are animals. Are most of your friends students?
d. We also use some with plural countable nouns. Some = a number of / a few of (but we don’t know or say exactly how many):
I’ve seen some good movies lately.
Some friends of mine are coming to stay for the weekend.
Do not use some when you are talking about things in general:
I love bananas. (not some bananas) Sometimes you can use some or leave it out:
There are (some) eggs in the refrigerator if you’re hungry.
For some and any see Unit 80.
e. You have to use some when you mean some, but not all/not many, etc.
Some children learn very quickly. (but not all children)
Some police officers in Britain carry guns, but most of them don’t.
For plural countable nouns see also Unit 70.
!
UNIT 66 Exercises
66.1 What are these things? Try and find out if you don’t know.
Example: an ant? It’s an insect. ant? bees? They are insects.
1. an onion? It’s ____________
2. a pigeon? It ____________
3. a dandelion?(蒲公英） ____________
4. a skyscraper?（a very tall building,摩天大楼） ____________
5. Earth? Mars?(火星） Venus?（金星） Jupiter? (木星）They ____________
6. The Rhine?（莱茵河） the Nile? （尼罗河）the Mississippi?（密西西比河） ____________
And who were these people?
Example: Beethoven? He was a composer. Beethoven? Bach? They were composers.
7. Picasso? He was ____________
8. Shakespeare? He ____________
9. Einstein? ____________
10. Marilyn Monroe? ____________
11. Kennedy? Johnson? Nixon? They ____________
12. Elvis Presley? John Lennon? ____________
66.2 Read about someone’s job and then write what his or her job is.
Example: Ron flies airplanes. He’s a pilot.
1. Sue types letters and answers the phone in an office. She is ________________________
2. Tim plans people’s vacations for them. He ________________________
3. Carol takes care of patients in a hospital. She ________________________
4. Mary teaches math. ________________________
5. Martha directs movies. ________________________
6. John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other. ________________________
66.3 Put in a/an or some, or leave a space (without a word).
Examples: I’ve seen some good movies recently. Do you have a headache?
Are most of your friends ---- students?
1. Do you have ________ camera?
2. Would you like to be ________ actor?
3. Bill has ________ big feet.
4. Do you collect ________ stamps?
5. Tom always gives Ann ________ flowers on her birthday.
6. Those are ________ really nice slacks. Where did you get them?
7. What ________ beautiful garden!
8. What ________ nice children!
9. ________ birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
10. Jack has ________ very long legs, so he’s ________ fast runner.
11. You need ________ visa to visit ________ foreign countries, but not all of them.
12. I’m going shopping. I’m going to get ________ new clothes.
13. Jane is ________ teacher. Her parents were ________ teachers too.
14. When we got downtown, ________stores were still open, but most of them were already closed.
15. Do you enjoy going to ________ concerts?
16. When I was ________ child, I used to be very shy.
a little confused about the answer, post mine later, welcome to discuss作者: smallmoon 时间: 5-9-2009 09:41
66.1 What are these things? Try and find out if you don’t know.
Example: an ant? It’s an insect. ant? bees? They are insects.
1. an onion? It’s __an onion__
2. a pigeon? It's ____a pigeon________
3. a dandelion?(蒲公英） __it's a danelion__________
4. a skyscraper?（a very tall building,摩天大楼） __________It's a skyscraper__
5. Earth? Mars?(火星） Venus?（金星） Jupiter? (木星）They __are __________
6. The Rhine?（莱茵河） the Nile? （尼罗河）the Mississippi?（密西西比河） __They are rivers__________
And who were these people?
Example: Beethoven? He was a composer. Beethoven? Bach? They were composers.
7. Picasso? He was ____________
8. Shakespeare? He ___a writer_________
9. Einstein? ____________
10. Marilyn Monroe? ____________
11. Kennedy? Johnson? Nixon? They ____________
12. Elvis Presley? John Lennon? ____________
66.2 Read about someone’s job and then write what his or her job is.
Example: Ron flies airplanes. He’s a pilot.
1. Sue types letters and answers the phone in an office. She is ____a office clerk_________________
2. Tim plans people’s vacations for them. He ____a travel advicer___________________
3. Carol takes care of patients in a hospital. She __is a nurse______________________
4. Mary teaches math. _____________________she is a teacher___
5. Martha directs movies. ___________He is a directer_____________
6. John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other. ___________He is a translator_____________
66.3 Put in a/an or some, or leave a space (without a word).
Examples: I’ve seen some good movies recently. Do you have a headache?
Are most of your friends ---- students?
1. Do you have _____a___ camera?
2. Would you like to be ______an__ actor?
3. Bill has _____a___ big feet.
4. Do you collect ____some____ stamps?
5. Tom always gives Ann ________ flowers on her birthday.
6. Those are _____/___ really nice slacks. Where did you get them?
7. What ____a___ beautiful garden!
8. What ________ nice children!
9. ____/____ birds, for example the penguin,(企鹅） cannot fly.
10. Jack has ________ very long legs, so he’s _____a___ fast runner.
11. You need _____a_ visa to visit ________ foreign countries, but not all of them.
12. I’m going shopping. I’m going to get ________ new clothes.
13. Jane is ______a__ teacher. Her parents were ________ teachers too.
14. When we got downtown, ________stores were still open, but most of them were already closed.
15. Do you enjoy going to ______the__ concerts?
16. When I was ____a____ child, I used to be very shy.作者: smallmoon 时间: 5-9-2009 09:55
UNIT 67 A/an and the a. Study this example:
For lunch I had a sandwich and an apple.
The speaker says “a sandwich/an apple” because this is the first time he talks about them.
The sandwich wasn’t very good.
The speaker says “the sandwich” because the listener now knows which sandwich he means – the sandwich he had for lunch.
Here are some more examples:
There was a man talking to a woman outside my house. The man looked American,(???) and I think the woman was Indian.
When we were on vacation, we stayed at a hotel. In the evenings, sometimes we had dinner at the hotel and sometimes in a restaurant.
I saw a movie last night. The movie was about a soldier and a beautiful woman. The soldier was in love with the woman, but the woman was in love with a teacher. So the soldier shot the teacher and married the woman.
b. We use a/an when the listener doesn’t know which thing we mean. We use the when it is clear which thing we mean:
Tom sat down on a chair. (we don’t know which chair)
Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. (we know which chair)
Ann is looking for a job. (not a particular job)
Did Ann get the job she applied for? (a particular job)
Do you have a car? (not a particular car)
I cleaned the car yesterday. (a particular car, my car)
c. We use the when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean.
For example, in a room we talk about “the light/the floor/the ceiling/the door/the carpet,” etc. Study these examples:
Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)
Where is the bathroom, please? (= the bathroom in this building/house)
I enjoyed the movie. Who was the director? (= the director of the movie)
I took a taxi to the station. (= the station of that town)
We got to the airport just in time for our flight.
Also: the police/the fire department/the army.
We also say the bank, the post office:
I have to go to the bank to change some money, and then I’m going to the post office to buy some stamps. (The speaker is usually thinking of a particular bank or post office)
We also say the doctor, the dentist, the hospital:
John wasn’t feeling very well. He went to the doctor. (= his doctor)
Two people were taken to the hospital after the accident.
For the see also Units 68 – 73.
UNIT 67 Exercises
67.1 Put in a/an or the.
Example: There was a man and a woman in the room. The man was American, and the woman looked Indian.
1. This morning I bought _______ newspaper and _______ magazine _______ newspaper is in my bag, but I don’t know where _______ magazine is.
2. My parents have _______ cat and _______ dog _______dog never bites _______ cat, but _______ cat often scratches _______ dog.
3. I saw _______ accident this morning _______ car crashed into _______ wall. _______ driver of _______ car was not hurt, but _______ car was badly damaged.
4. When you turn onto Pine Tree Drive, you will see three houses: _______ red one, _______ blue one, and _______ white one. I live in _______ white one.
5. We live in _______ old house in _______ middle of town. There is _______ garden behind _______ house _______ roof of _______ house is in bad condition.
67.2 Put in a/an or the
Examples: I’m looking for a job. Did Ann get the job she applied for?
1. Would you like _______ apple?
2. Could you close _______ door, please?
3. We live in _______ small apartment near _______ center of town.
4. Have you finished with _______ book I lent you last week?
5. We went out for _______ meal last night _______ restaurant we went to was excellent.
6. Did _______ police find _______ person who stole your bicycle?
7. This is a nice house. Does it have _______ garden?
8. It was warm and sunny, so we decided to sit in _______ garden.
9. This morning I had _______ soft-boiled egg and toast for breakfast.
10. _______ President of the United States is elected every four years.
11. As I was walking along the street, I saw _______ $20 bill on _______ sidewalk.
12. I went into the store and asked to speak to _______ manager.
13. “Do you have _______ car?” “No, I’ve never had _______ car in my life.”
14. There’s no need to buy a paper _______ newspaper carrier brings it every morning.
67.3 Complete these sentences using the + noun.
Example: It was getting dark in the room, so I turned on the light.
1. There were no chairs, so we all had to sit on ______________.
2. As soon as I saw the fire, I called ______________
3. We didn’t have any stamps, so we had to go to ______________
4. I had a toothache, so I made an appointment with ______________
5. Ann had to catch a train, so I took her to ______________
6. When we found that someone had broken into our house, we called ______________
7. Bill wasn’t feeling well, so he went to ______________
8. We didn’t have any money, so we had to go to ______________
9. The plane was delayed, so we had to wait at ______________ for three hours.
10. Jill had a car accident. She’ll be in ______________ for at least two weeks.作者: smallmoon 时间: 6-9-2009 11:06
UNIT 68 The (1)
For the difference between the and a/an see Unit 67. a. We say the… when there is only one of something:
What is the longest river in the world? (There is only one longest river in the world.)
We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.
The only television program she watches is the news.
Paris is the capital of France.
Everybody left at the end of the meeting.
The earth goes around the sun. (also: the moon/the world/the universe)
b. We say: the sea the sky the ground the city / the country
Would you rather live in the city or in the country?
Don’t sit on the ground! It’s wet.
We looked up at all the stars in the sky. We say go to sea/ be at sea (without the) when the meaning is go/ be on a voyage:
Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.
but: I would love t live near the sea. (not near sea) We say space (not the space) when we mean space in the universe:
There are millions of stars in space. (not in the space)
but: He tried to park his car, but the space wasn’t big enough.
c. Movies theater radio television
We say the movies/ the theater
We went to the movies last night.
Do you often go to the theater?
Note that when we say the theater, we do not necessarily mean one particular theater.
We usually say the radio:
We often listen to the radio. I heard the news on the radio.
But we usually say television (without the):
We often watch television. I watched the news on television.
but: Can you turn off the television, please? (= the television set)
d. Meals: We do not normally use the with the names of meals:
What time is lunch?
We had dinner a restaurant.
What did you have for breakfast?
Ann invited me to (or for) dinner. But we say a meal: We had a meal in a restaurant. We also say a when there is an adjective before lunch/breakfast, etc.
Thank you. That was a nice lunch. (not that was very nice lunch)
For more information about the see Unit 67 and 69—73
UNIT 68 Exercises 68.1 Answer these questions in the way shown.
Example: “Was it a good movie?” “Yes, it was the best movie. I’ve ever seen.”
1. “Is it a big hotel?” “Yes, it is __________ in the city.”
2. “Is he a rich man?” “Yes he is __________ I’ve ever seen.”
3. “Was it a bad accident?” “Yes, it was __________ I’ve ever seen.”
4. “Is it a cheap restaurant?” “Well, it is __________ you will find.”
5. “It’s hot today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it is __________ day of the year.”
68.2 Put in a/an or the. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank. (If necessary see Unit 67 for a/an and the).
Examples: We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.
Do you want to watch – television this evening?
Last night we went out for a meal in a restaurant.
1. I wrote my name at __________ top of the page.
2. __________ moon goes around __________ earth every 27 days.
3. The Soviet Union was __________ first country to send a man into __________ space.
4. Did you see the movie on __________ television or in __________ movie theater?
5. After __________ lunch, we went for a walk by __________ sea.
6. I’m not very hungry. I had __________ big breakfast.
7. John was __________ only person I talked to at the party.
8. Liz lives in __________ small village in __________ country.
9. Peru is __________ country in South America. __________capital is Lima.
10. I never listen to __________ radio. In fact, I don’t have __________ radio.
11. It was __________ beautiful day. __________ sun shone brightly in __________ sky.
12. I’ve invited Tom to __________ dinner next Wednesday.
13. What is __________ highest mountain in __________ world?
14. We don’t go to __________ theater very much these days. In fact, in __________ town where we live there isn’t __________ theater.
15. It was a long voyage. We were at _________ sea for four weeks.
16. I prefer swimming in __________ sea to swimming in pools.
17. Can you turn __________ television down, please? It’s a little loud.
68.3 Here are some things Tom did yesterday. Write a sentence for each.
Morning: 8:00 breakfast 8:30 – 9:00 radio 9:30 walk/country
Afternoon: 1:00 lunch 2:30 movies
Evening: 6:30 dinner 8:00 – 10:00 television
1. At 8:00 he had breakfast.
2. From 8:30 until 9:00 he listened ______________________________
3. At 9:30 he went for a walk in ______________________________
4. At 1:00 he ________________________________________
5. At 2:30 __________ ______________________________
6. At 6:30 ________________________________________
7. From ________________________________________
post my answer later,welcome to discuss作者: smallmoon 时间: 7-9-2009 19:49
68.1 Answer these questions in the way shown.
Example: “Was it a good movie?” “Yes, it was the best movie. I’ve ever seen.”
1. “Is it a big hotel?” “Yes, it is _____the biggest_____ in the city.”
2. “Is he a rich man?” “Yes he is _____the richest_____ I’ve ever seen.”
3. “Was it a bad accident?” “Yes, it was ____worse______ I’ve ever seen.”
4. “Is it a cheap restaurant?” “Well, it is ___the cheapest___ you will find.”
5. “It’s hot today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it is ___hottest_______ day of the year.”
68.2 Put in a/an or the. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank. (If necessary see Unit 67 for a/an and the).
Examples: We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.
Do you want to watch – television this evening?
Last night we went out for a meal in a restaurant.
1. I wrote my name at ___the_______ top of the page.
2. ___The_______ moon goes around _______the___ earth every 27 days.
3. The Soviet Union was __the________ first country to send a man into ______/____ space.
4. Did you see the movie on _____the_____ television or in _______a___ movie theater?
5. After ________/__ lunch, we went for a walk by ___/_______ sea.
6. I’m not very hungry. I had ________a__ big breakfast.
7. John was _____the_____ only person I talked to at the party.
8. Liz lives in ______a____ small village in _____the_____ country.
9. Peru is _______a___ country in South America. ____the______capital is Lima.
10. I never listen to __the________ radio. In fact, I don’t have ___a_______ radio.
11. It was ____a______ beautiful day. ________The__ sun shone brightly in __________ sky.
12. I’ve invited Tom to ___/_______ dinner next Wednesday.
13. What is _________the_ highest mountain in __________ world?
14. We don’t go to ___the_______ theater very much these days. In fact, in __/________ town where we live there isn’t ___a_______ theater.
15. It was a long voyage. We were at __/_______ sea for four weeks.
16. I prefer swimming in ___/_______ sea to swimming in pools.
17. Can you turn ____the______ television down, please? It’s a little loud.
68.3 Here are some things Tom did yesterday. Write a sentence for each.
Morning: 8:00 breakfast 8:30 – 9:00 radio 9:30 walk/country
Afternoon: 1:00 lunch 2:30 movies
Evening: 6:30 dinner 8:00 – 10:00 television
1. At 8:00 he had breakfast.
2. From 8:30 until 9:00 he listened ____to the radio__________________________
3. At 9:30 he went for a walk in ______the stree________________________
4. At 1:00 he _____________had lunch___________________________
5. At 2:30 __________ __he_went to the theater___________________________
6. At 6:30 _____________he had dinner___________________________
7. From __________6:30 to 9:00 he is watching TV______________________________作者: smallmoon 时间: 7-9-2009 20:01
UNIT 69 The (2) a. Study these sentences:
The rose is my favorite flower.
The giraffe( 长颈鹿） is the tallest of all animals. In these examples the … doesn’t mean one particular thing. The rose = roses in general, the giraffe = giraffe in general. We use the + a singular countable noun in this way to talk about a type of plant, animal, etc. Note that you can also use a plural noun without the:
Roses are my favorite flowers. (but not The roses … -- see Unit 70) We also use the + a singular countable noun when we talk about a type of machine, an invention, etc. For example:
When was the telephone invented?
The bicycle is an excellent means of transportation. We also use the for musical instruments: Can you play the guitar? (not Can you play guitar?)
The piano is my favorite instrument.
b. The + adjective We use the with some adjectives (without a noun). The meaning is always plural. For example, the rich = rich people in general:
Do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
We use the especially with these adjectives:
the rich ，the old， the blind ，the sick， the disabled ，the injured， the poor， the young ，the deaf ，the dead ，the unemployed， the homeless
That man over there is collecting money for the homeless.
Why doesn’t the government do more to help the unemployed? These expressions are always plural. You cannot say “a blind” or “an unemployed.” You have to say “a blind man,” “an unemployed woman,” etc.
c. The + nationality words You can use the with some nationality adjectives when you mean “the people of that country.” For example:
The French are famous for their food. (= the French people)
The English are known for being polite. (= the English people)
You can use the in this way with these nationality words:
the British， the Welsh，（威雨士） the Spanish， the Dutch，(荷兰） the English， the Irish， the French， the Swiss
You can also use the with nationality words ending in –ese (the Japanese/the Chinese, etc.). (the) Russians (the) Italians (the) Arabs (the) Germans (the) Turks
For the see also Units 67, 68, and 70-73.
UNIT 69 Exercises 69.1 Answer these questions about yourself and your favorite things. Use a dictionary if you don’t know the English words you need.
Example: What is your favorite flower? the rose
1. What is your favorite tree? ___________________________________
2. Which bird do you like most? ___________________________________
3. What is your favorite car? ___________________________________
4. What is your favorite musical instrument? ___________________________________
69.2 Make sentences from the words in parentheses (…)
Example: (Mary/play/piano very well) Mary plays the piano very well.
1. (Jack/play/guitar very badly) Jack plays ___________________________________
2. (Jill/play/violin in an orchestra) ___________________________________
3. (I’d like/learn/play/piano) ___________________________________
4. (you/play/guitar?) ___________________________________
69.3 Complete these sentences about animals. Choose one of the words in parentheses. Use a dictionary if you don’t know these words.
Example: The giraffe is the tallest of all animals. (elephant/lion/giraffe)
1. ________________________ is the fastest of all animals. (elephant/lion/giraffe)
2. ________________________ is a mammal, but it lives in the sea. (octopus/elephant/whale)
3. ________________________ is the largest living bird. (eagle/sparrow/ostrich)
69.4 Complete these sentences using the with these adjectives:
rich sick blind poor injured unemployed dead
Example: Braille is a system of reading and writing by touch for the blind.
1. Many people were killed in the plane crash. The bodies of ___________ were taken away. ___________ were taken to the hospital.
2. Do you know the story or Robin Hood? It is said that he robbed ___________ and gave the money to ___________
3. For people with jobs, life is easier than it is for ___________.
4. Linda has been a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring for ___________
69.5 What do you call the people from these places?
Examples: England? the English Russia? the Russians
1. Britain? ___________
2. Ireland? ___________
3. Greece? ___________
4. Korea? ___________
5. Spain? ___________
6. France? ___________
7. Japan? ___________
8. Germany? ___________
9. China? ___________
10. Canada? ___________
11. Switzerland? ___________
12. America (the U.S.)? ___________
13. the Netherlands? ___________
14. and your country? ___________作者: smallmoon 时间: 8-9-2009 11:15
69.5 What do you call the people from these places?
Examples: England? the English Russia? the Russians
hope) I hope not.
非常感谢楼主，我已经下载了，英语丢了很久，语法还是需要系统的再复习，一起努力~